nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Paths of Decline and Renewal: The PFLP and Leftist Trajectories Across Time

verfasst von : Francesco Saverio Leopardi

Erschienen in: The Palestinian Left and Its Decline

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter examines the trajectory of two leftist organisations within the Middle East that experienced dilemmas and challenges similar to the PFLP’s. Its focus is on how the relinquishment or adherence to the elaboration of a counterhegemonic, leftist platform for national liberation affected the experience of Marxist movements and parties. The first parallel drawn is between the PFLP and the Egyptian communist movement. Attention is focused on the Egyptian communists’ relations with the Free Officers’ Movement (FOM) before and after the July 1952 coup. As Egyptian communists went through phases of collaboration and contrast with the ruling FOM, their relation presented some similarities with the opposition-integration dilemma experienced by the PFLP. The Egyptian communists’ decision to merge into Nasser’s Arab Socialist Union represents the ultimate choice for integration with the post-colonial, nationalist regime, despite enduring years of harsh repression. Afterwards, this chapter deals with the ideological and organisational evolution of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). Unlike the PFLP, the PKK was able to formulate and embody a revolutionary, leftist case for Kurdish self-determination, emancipating from all nationalist, separatist paradigms. This allowed the PKK to pursue deep changes in accordance to historical challenges while adhering to a revolutionary platform that continued to mobilise mass support. These parallel examinations, while proving the validity of concepts elaborated throughout the book, further clarify how individual agency interrelates with external factors in producing political marginalisation.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel The Al-Aqsa Intifada and After: Resurfacing Contradictions and Ultimate Marginalisation

Nächstes Kapitel Conclusions

Tareq Y. Ismael and Rifa’at El-Sa’id, The Communist Movement in Egypt. 1920–1988 (Syracuse University Press, 1990), 18–19, 26–31.

Ismael and El-Sa’id, 28–29.

Joel Beinin, ‘Le Marxisme Égyptien (1936–52) : Nationalisme, Anti-Impérialisme et Réforme Sociale’, Cahiers d’histoire. Revue d’histoire Critique, accessed October 21, 2019, https://journals.openedition.org/chrhc/532.

Selma Botman, ‘The Liberal Age, 1923–1952’, in The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. II. From 1517 to the End of the Twentieh Century, ed. Martin W. Daly (Cambridge: Cambrdge University Press, 1998), 294–99.

Rami Ginat, A History of Egyptian Communism. Jews and Their Compatriots in Quest of Revolution (Boulder, Colorado, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011), 205–8.

Joel Beinin and Zachary Lockman, Workers on the Nile. Nationalism, Communism, Islam and the Egyptian Working Class, 1882–1954 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1988), 310–14.

Selma Botman, The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939–1970 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1988), 33–58, 69–70, 100–113.

Roel Meijer, The Quest for Modernity: Secular Liberal and Left-Wing Political Thought in Egypt, 1945–1958 (London: Routledge Curzon, 2002), 95–105.

Beinin and Lockman, Workers on the Nile. Nationalism, Communism, Islam and the Egyptian Working Class, 1882–1954., 340–62; Gennaro Gervasio, Al-Haraka al-Marksiyya fi Misr (The Marxist Movement in Egypt) (1967–1981) (Cairo: al-Markaz al-Qawmi li-l-Tarjama, 2010), 189–96.

Botman, The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939–1970, 88.

Ginat, A History of Egyptian Communism. Jews and Their Compatriots in Quest of Revolution, 283–87.

Ismael and El-Sa’id, The Communist Movement in Egypt. 1920–1988, 68–76.

Rami Ginat and Odelya Alon, ‘En Route to Revolution: The Communists and the Free Officers—Honeymoon and Separation’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 43, no. 4 (1 October 2016): 597–602.

Botman, The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939–1970, 85–86.

Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni Del Carcere, ed. Valentino Gerratana, vol. III (Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 2014), 2010–11.

Joel Gordon, Nasser’s Blessed Movement. Egypt’s Free Officers and the July Revolution. (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 83–98.

Gennaro Gervasio, ‘Il Socialismo Senza Socialisti Di Nasser’, Storia Del Pensiero Politico VII, no. 1 (2018): 27–28.

Selma Botman, ‘Egyptian Communists and the Free Officers: 1950–54’, Middle Eastern Studies 22, no. 3 (1986): 351–54.

Steven A. Cook, The Struggle for Egypt. From Nasser to Tahrir Square (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 64–71.

Joel Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1990), 177–84.

Ismael and El-Sa’id, The Communist Movement in Egypt. 1920–1988, 106–9.

For the sake of clarity, the United Egyptian Communist Party (al-Hizb al-Shuyuʿi al-Misri al-Muttahid) is identified with the Arabic word al-Muttahid “united”.

Ismael and El-Sa’id, 109–19; Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965, 185–90.

Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965, 185–90.

Cook, The Struggle for Egypt. From Nasser to Tahrir Square, 73–77.

Botman, The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939–1970, 142–43.

Tareq Y Ismael, The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq (Cambridge – New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 74–87.

Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965, 205–7.

Gennaro Gervasio, ‘Tra Repressione e Autocensura: Intellettuali e Politica in Egitto (1952–1967).’, Oriente Moderno 20 (81), no. 2/3 (2001): 340–41.

Rami Ginat, Egypt’s Incomplete Revolution. Lufti al-Khuli and Nasser’s Socialism in the 1960s. (London – Portland: Frank Cass, 1997), 7–23; Gervasio, ‘Il Socialismo Senza Socialisti Di Nasser’, 23–26.

Gervasio, Al-Haraka al-Marksiyya fi Misr (The Marxist Movement in Egypt) (1967–1981), 211–17.

Ismael and El-Sa’id, The Communist Movement in Egypt. 1920–1988, 121–26.

Gervasio, ‘Tra Repressione e Autocensura: Intellettuali e Politica in Egitto (1952–1967).’, 343–47.

Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1997), 232–33.

Joel Beinin, ‘Egypt: Society and Economy, 1923–1952’, in The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. II. From 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century, ed. Martin W. Daly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 313–18.

As ‘ad AbuKhalil, ‘Internal Contradictions in the PFLP: Decision Making and Policy Orientation’, The Middle East Journal 41, no. 3 (1987): 373.

Ismael and El-Sa’id, The Communist Movement in Egypt. 1920–1988, 106–11; Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965, 164–66.

Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965, 17–19.

Kurdish acronym: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan.

Apocular stands for “followers of Apo”, Ocalan’s nickname.

David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds. (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007), 420–23.

Joost Jongerden and Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya, ‘The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the Revolutionary Movement in Turkey through the PKK’s Memorial Text on Haki Karer’, European Journal of Turkish Studies 14 (2012), accessed January 28, 2020, https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613.

Ali Kemal Ozcan, Turkey’s Kurds. A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), 85–88.

Ozcan, 89–92.

Aliza Marcus, Blood and Belief. The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence (New York and London: New York University Press, 2007), 89–96; 254–56.

Olivier Grojean, ‘The Production of the New Man Within the PKK’, European Journal of Turkish Studies, 2014, accessed January 28, 2020, https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4925.

Ozcan, Turkey’s Kurds. A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, 91–107.

Marcus, Blood and Belief. The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence, 269–79.

Adbullah Ocalan, ‘Declaration on the Democratic Solution of the Kurdish Question.’, 1999, accessed February 20, 2020, https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/abdullah-ocalan-declaration-on-the-democratic-solution-of-the-kurdish-question.

Ozcan, Turkey’s Kurds. A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, 108–19.

Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya and Joost Jongerden, ‘The PKK in the 2000s. Continuity through Breaks?’, in Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue, ed. Marlies Casier and Joost Jongerden (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), 151–55.

See for instance Murray Bookchin, ‘Theses on Libertarian Municipalism’, Our Generation 16, no. 3/4 (1985): 9–22.

Abdullah Ocalan, Democratic Confederalism (Transmedia Publishing, 2015), Chaps. 3, 4, 5, EPUB.

Akkaya and Jongerden, ‘The PKK in the 2000s. Continuity through Breaks?’, 147.

Akkaya and Jongerden, 149–50, 155–57.

International Crisis Group, ‘Syria’s Kurds: A Struggle Within a Struggle’, Middle East Report (Erbil, Damascus, Brussels, 22 January 2013), accessed January 31, 2020, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/syria/syria-s-kurds-struggle-within-struggle.

Ozcan, Turkey’s Kurds. A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, 76.

George Habash and Georges Malbrunot, Al-Thawriyyun la Yamutun Abadan (The Revolutionaries Never Die) (Beirut: Dar al-Saqi, 2009), 25–39.

To this day, the PFLP never updated its 1969 “Political and Organisational Strategy” which identifies the long-term goals of the Front and presents its founding ideological and organisational principles as the report of the last National Congress testifies: PFLP, ‘Al-Muʾtamar al-Watani Al-Sabiʿ. Al-Bayan al-Khitami (The Seventh National Congress. Conclusive Statement)’, 2013.

As ‘ad AbuKhalil, ‘George Habash and the Movement of Arab Nationalists: Neither Unity nor Liberation’, Journal of Palestine Studies 28, no. 4 (1999): 93–98.

Ozcan, Turkey’s Kurds. A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, 89–91.

Paul White, The PKK. Coming Down from the Mountains (London: Zed Books, 2015), Chap. 6 EPUB.

Abdullah Ocalan, Liberating Life: Woman’s Revolution (Neuss: International Initiative Edition & Mesopotamian Publishers, 2013); Handan Çağlayan, ‘From Kawa the Blacksmith to Ishtar the Goddess: Gender Constructions in Ideological-Political Discourses of the Kurdish Movement in Post-1980 Turkey. Possibilities and Limits’, European Journal of Turkish Studies, 2012, accessed February 5, 2020, http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4657.

See Chap. 4.

One might think of the role of race and class in the propulsion of Chavismo in Venezuela: Barry Cannon, ‘Class/Race Polarisation in Venezuela and the Electoral Success of Hugo Chávez: A Break with the Past or the Song Remains the Same?’, Third World Quarterly 29, no. 4 (2008): 731–48.

PFLP Information Department, Military Strategy of the PFLP (Beirut, 1970).

Frantz Fanon, Les Damnés de La Terre (Paris: La Découverte, 2002), 17–103; Joost Jongerden and Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya, ‘Born from the Left. The Making of the PKK’, in Nationalism and Politics in Turkey. Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue, ed. Marlies Casier and Joost Jongerden (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), 130–35.

Ocalan, Democratic Confederalism, Chap. 3 EPUB.

Titel: Paths of Decline and Renewal: The PFLP and Leftist Trajectories Across Time
verfasst von: Francesco Saverio Leopardi
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: The Palestinian Left and Its Decline
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4338-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-4339-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4339-5_7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner