Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Family Heritage Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Plus Lucis

verfasst von : Roland Adunka, Mary Virginia Orna

Erschienen in: Carl Auer von Welsbach: Chemist, Inventor, Entrepreneur

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Passing by Währingerstraße in Vienna, one encounters a gray, roughly triangular building block, the chemical, mathematical and physical institutes (in alphabetical order) of the University of Vienna. There is a simple monument in front of the entrance to Währingerstraße 38—a square with a stylized male figure and the words “Plus Lucis”—“more light.”

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Didymium’s Twilight and Two New “Stars”
Nächstes Kapitel New Perspectives
Fußnoten
1
Komorek [1].
 
2
Baumgartner [2].
 
3
Both England and Scotland boasted of a long tradition in pneumatic chemistry through the work of renowned early researchers such as Joseph Black (1728–99), Robert Boyle (1627–91), Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), and Stephen Hales (1677–1761).
 
5
Thomson [3].
 
8
MacIsaac et al. [4].
 
9
Sedlacek [5].
 
10
Brewster [6].
 
12
Cruickshank [7].
 
13
Harvey [8].
 
14
Mason [9].
 
15
Wood [10].
 
16
Asano et al. [11].
 
17
Greffet et al. [12].
 
18
White [13].
 
19
Phillips [14].
 
20
Ivey [15].
 
21
Wolters and Roslin [16].
 
22
Gentsch [17].
 
23
Gentsch [18].
 
24
Other inventors had tried applying slurries of salts to fabric, but these networks were unsuccessful because of uneven distribution of the incandescent material and and the fragility of their bonds to one another.
 
25
Jørgensen et al. [19].
 
26
Auer von Welsbach [20].
 
27
Auer von Welsbach [21].
 
28
D’Ans [23].
 
29
One Hefnerkerze has a light output of 0.920 cd. The unit is based on the Hefner lamp, the luminosity standard in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Scandinavia and the German-speaking countries. Palaz [24].
 
30
The gulden was the unit of currency in the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1892; 1,000,000 gulden had an 1890-dollar value of about $414,000.
 
31
Sedlacek [25].
 
32
Chimneys were used to enclose the mantle and allow the gas flame to impinge upon it in a controlled space.
 
33
The Decision of Justice Wills in the English Welsbach Suit. In Gentsch [26].
 
34
Jørgensen [27].
 
35
Jørgensen [28].
 
36
Commercially viable deposits can only be found along the seashores in countries that escaped the erosion due to prehistoric glaciers, namely the Brazilian coast and the coastlines of North and South Carolina. Furthermore, beaches are constantly subjected to the vagaries of weather and tide, so the localities of the deposits are considerably unstable, even from day to day. Nitze [29]. In Gentsch [30].
 
37
Habashi [31].
 
38
Ives et al. [32].
 
39
Barrows [33].
 
40
Stock [34].
 
41
Ludwig Camillo Haitinger was the precocious scion of an old Viennese family. He published his first paper at the age of 17, a treatise on the direct nitration of aliphatic compounds. In 1879 he completed his “Matura” examination and from 1880 on he worked as Adolph Lieben’s private assistant. He and Lieben jointly determined the exact structure of chelidonic acid. He also discovered a number of cases of observed tautomerism. With the advent of the Welsbach mantle, he entered wholeheartedly into the venture and took over the management of the company named “Welsbach-Williams Ltd.” in Vienna-Atzgersdorf. In 1893, when the gas mantles were already being used on a large scale, he became Director of Gasglühlicht AG. Vienna. Haitinger’s main contribution to the science of the mantles was chiefly in the recognition of the importance of adding small amounts of certain annealing oxides to enhance the luminosity of the lamps. He remained Carl Auer von Welsbach’s trusted assistant throughout the rest of his career.
 
42
Gasometers were gas storage containers at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.
 
43
Adunka [35].
 
44
Estimated candlepower for the Welsbach lights, depending on their form, was between 75 and 100 candlepower, with an estimated lifetime of not less than 1000 h.
 
45
The [New York] City Record (1906) 34, Part 2:1441.
 
46
Report of the Franklin Institute [36]. This report was quite thorough in that it gave a brief history of the development of incandescent gas lighting, including the work of two Americans, W. M. Jackson in 1881 and Charles M. Lungren in 1881, with additional patents as late as 1887. In its description of Auer’s contributions, they make special note of the great attention to detail he gave in his lamp development to make its use practical. It also gives the numbers and dates of Auer’s most important U.S. patents.
 
47
Jørgensen [37].
 
48
Rubens [38].
 
49
Rubens and Aschkinass [39].
 
50
Kangro [40].
 
51
Lecture given at the 32nd annual gathering of the Deutschen Vereins von Gas- und Wasserfachmännern in Kiel on 28 June, 1892 (as cited in Hartwig G (1894) Das Gasglühlicht. Hellmuth Henkler’s Verlag, Dresden, p. 49).
 
52
Sedlacek [41].
 
53
The title “Freiherr” is equivalent to “Baron” in English.
 
54
Feldhaus [42].
 
Literatur
1.
Komorek K (2011) Plus lucis. In Carl Freiherr Auer von Welsbach (1858–1929). Symposium anlässlich des 150. Geburtstages. Wien, 4. Juni 2008 (2011) Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Austria, pp 45–49
2.
Baumgartner E (1996) Carl Auer von Welsbach: a pioneer in the industrial application of rare earths. In Evans CH (ed) (1996) Episodes from the history of the rare earth elements. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 113–129CrossRef
3.
Thomson J (2003) The Scot who lit the world: The story of William Murdoch, the inventor of gas lighting. Janet Thomson, Glasgow
4.
MacIsaac D, Kanner G, Anderson G (1999) Basic physics of the incandescent lamp (lightbulb). Phys Teach 37:520–525CrossRef
5.
Sedlacek F (1934) Auer von Welsbach. Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Geschickte der Technik in Wien. Blätter für Geschichte der Technik, Zweites Heft. Erhard L (ed) Julius Springer Verlag, Wien, pp 21–22
6.
Brewster D (1820) On a singular luminous property of wood, &c., steeped in solutions of Lime and Magnesia. Edinb Phil J 3:343–344
7.
Cruickshank A (1839) British Patent Specifications, No. 8141
8.
Harvey EN (1957) A history of luminescence from the earliest times until 1900. The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, p vii
9.
10.
Wood RW (1931) Selective thermal radiation of colored and pure fused quartz. Phys Rev 38:487CrossRef
11.
12.
Greffet J-J, Carminati R, Joulain K, Mulet J-P, Mainguy S, Chen Y (2002) Coherent emission of light by thermal sources. Nature 416:61–64CrossRefPubMed
13.
White WB (1990) Photoluminescence, candoluminescence, and radical recombination luminescence of minerals. In: Coyne LM, McKeever SWS, Blake DF (eds) Spectroscopic characterization of minerals and their surfaces. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp 118–134
14.
Phillips ML (1928) Visible radiation characteristics of incandescent oxides. Phys Rev 32:832–839CrossRef
15.
Ivey HF (1974) Candoluminescence and radical-excited luminescence. J Lumin 8:271–307CrossRef
16.
Wolters W, Roslin J (1881) Vienna Patent No. 17,786, June
17.
Gentsch W (1896) The incandescent gas light: Its history, character and operation. Progressive Age Publishing Co., New York, pp 1–7 and 20–35
18.
Gentsch W (1896) The incandescent gas light: Its history, character and operation. Progressive Age Publishing Co., New York, pp 9–10
19.
Jørgensen CK, Bill H, Reisfeld R (1981) Candoluminescence of rare earths. J Lumin 24(25):91–94CrossRef
20.
Auer von Welsbach C (1901) On the history of the invention of the gas incandescent light. Lecture given at the 41st Annual General Meeting of the German Association of Gas and Water Professionals, Vienna. J Gasbeleucht Verw Beleuchtungsarten Wasserversorg 44:661–664
21.
Auer von Welsbach C (1902) Chem News 85:254–256
22.
Welsbach CA (1885) Austrian patent, 27 October; (1889) US399174A: Incandescent Device
23.
D’Ans J (1931) Carl Freiherr Auer von Welsbach. Ber Deutsch Chem Ges A 64(5):63–64
24.
Palaz A (1894) A treatise on industrial photometry with special attention to electric lighting. Van Nostrand, New York, pp 135–139
25.
Sedlacek F (1934) Auer von Welsbach. Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Geschickte der Technik in Wien. Blätter für Geschichte der Technik, Zweites Heft. Erhard L (ed) Julius Springer Verlag, Wien, pp 28–35
26.
Gentsch W (1896) The incandescent gas light: its history, character and operation. Progressive Age Publishing Co., New York, pp 87–107
27.
Jørgensen CK (1970) Electron transfer spectra. Prog Inorg Chem 12:101–158
28.
Jørgensen CK (1976) Narrow band thermoluminescence (candoluminescence) of rare earths in Auer mantles. Struct Bond 25:1–21CrossRef
29.
Nitze HBC (1896) The monazite deposits of North and South Carolina. In Gentsch W (1896) The incandescent gas light: Its history , character and operation. Progressive Age Publishing Co., New York, pp. 77–81
30.
Gentsch (1896) The incandescent gas light: Its history, character and operation. Progressive Age Publishing Co., New York, pp. 77–81
31.
Habashi F (2000) Robert Bunsen and the rare earths industry. In: Bautista RG, Mishna B (eds) Rare earths and actinides: science, technology and applications IV. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Pittsburgh, pp 1–10
32.
Ives HE, Kingsbury EF, Karrer E (1918) Physical study of the Welsbach mantle. J Franklin Inst 186: 401–438 and 585–625
33.
Barrows GS (1910) The work of Dr. C. A. von Welsbach in the field of artificial illuminants. Illum Eng 3:499–502
34.
Stock J (1991) Carl Auer von Welsbach and the development of incandescent gas lighting. J Chem Educ 68:801–803CrossRef
35.
Adunka R (2015) Carl Auer von Welsbach: Entdecker, Erfinder, Firmengründer. Verlag des Kärntner Landesarchivs, Klagenfurt, pp 18–36
36.
Report of the Franklin Institute (1900) The Welsbach light. Science 12:951–956CrossRef
37.
Jørgensen CK (1975) Narrow band thermoluminescence of Auer mantles containing neodymium, holmium, erbium or thulium in mixed oxides. Chem Phys Lett 34:14–16CrossRef
38.
Rubens H (1899) Über die Reststrahlen des Fluβpathes. Ann Phys 305:576–588CrossRef
39.
Rubens H, Aschkinass E (1899) Isolirung langwelliger Wärmestrahlen durch Quarzprismen. Ann Phys 303:459–466CrossRef
40.
Kangro H (1976) Early history of Planck’s radiation law. Taylor & Francis, New York, p 165, 183
41.
Sedlacek F (1934) Auer von Welsbach. Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Geschickte der Technik in Wien. Blätter für Geschichte der Technik, Zweites Heft. Erhard L (ed) Julius Springer Verlag, Wien, p 40
42.
Feldhaus FM (1928) Zum 70. Geburtstag von Auer von Welsbach. Chem-Ztg 52:689–690 as quoted in Weeks ME (1932) The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements. J Chem Educ 9:1751–1773
Metadaten
Titel
Plus Lucis
verfasst von
Roland Adunka
Mary Virginia Orna
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Buch
Carl Auer von Welsbach: Chemist, Inventor, Entrepreneur

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77904-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-77905-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77905-8_5

Neuer Inhalt

    Bildnachweise