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Erschienen in:
Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Poles and Routes Through History

verfasst von : Prof. Dr. Luc-Normand Tellier

Erschienen in: Urban World History

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Words are useful because they are abstract, but their very abstraction makes them tricky. Contemporary cities correspond very little to what Sumerian cities were. Modern networks have little in common with the first trails and roads. Looking back at the urban world history leads to wonder about the meaning of urban concepts throughout history. In retrospect, how can we characterize the evolution of city locations, city shapes, communication networks, and centrality? How cities can be categorized? What about the evolution of the location of the various urban activities in the city? Are European and North American cities as different as some analysts have said? Finally, are developed and developing cities having the same population really comparable?

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Vorheriges Kapitel Understanding Topodynamic Corridors
Nächstes Kapitel The Topodynamic Model: Origin and Fallouts
Fußnoten
1
The most active bastide builders were Saint Louis, king of France, and his brother Alphonse, Count of Poitiers and Auvergne, who lived in the thirteenth century, when, as a result of the Albigensian crusade, the territory of the king of France extended to the Mediterranean. Bastides were built in this new French territory. A Plantagenet king of England, Edward I, built ten bastides in Wales, and two in England.
 
2
Vance (1990), 28, Morris (1994), 92–93 and 119–138.
 
3
The concept of “global city” has been developed by Sassen (1991).
 
4
Such traffic problems probably explain that, in the European medieval cities, markets generally took place close to the doors of the city, and the fairs, even far from the city. Only in the nineteenth century, with the building of railroad stations, did traffic entered the very heart of the cities.
 
5
Civil trading communities, which grew up outside the walls of burgs were called “faubourgs” in French (from Latin: foris burgum—“outside the burg”) or suburbs in English (from Latin: sub urbs—“close to the city”).
 
6
The second stage was studied by Morris (1972, 1994), as well as James E. Vance, Jr., op. cit.
 
7
Many cities founded by the Romans started with a gridiron street pattern, but they lost it during the Middle Ages. London, and left-bank Paris are classical examples of that. See Morris (1994), pp. 86 and 192.
 
8
Studied, among others, by Hall (2001), James E. Vance, Jr., op. cit.
 
9
Leonardo da Vinci was centuries in advance of his time when he advocated multilevel separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic with special routes reserved for the heaviest goods traffic. Morris (1972), 172.
 
10
In the Paris of Francis I, who reigned from 1515 to 1547, there were no public urban spaces of major significance. By contrast, the private open spaces, particularly convent gardens, were many. It seems that the first “monumental square” was imagined by Michelangelo in 1550. It is the Capitoline Piazza finally built in Rome in 1664. Between 1585 and 1590, Pope Sixtus V erected several granite obelisks in Rome at the center of piazzas. In Paris, the Place Royale (present-day Place des Vosges) completed in 1612 was the prototype of the residential square. French squares are marked by representative display, and monumentality, whereas English squares are focused on privacy.
 
11
Hohenberg (1985), 391–394.
 
12
See about the evolution of the American cities: Jacobs (1961).
 
13
Street paving started in 1185 in Paris, in 1235 in Florence, and in 1310 in Lübeck, Germany.
 
14
Vitruvius’s book was reprinted in 1521. L. B. Alberti (1404–72) wrote De Re Aedificatoria, published in 1485, which is the first theoretical treaty of city planning in Renaissance. A. Averlino “Filarete” produced the first planned ideal city of the Renaissance in his Trattato d’Architettura.
 
15
The growth of Paris required five different walls built in AD 360, 1180, 1370, 1784–1791, and 1841–1845. See Morris (1994), p. 99.
 
16
The Western origin of the orthogonal grid goes back to the fifth-century-BC Greek architect Hippodamus who applied that scheme to Miletus, and to the port of Piraeus. See Homo (1951) and Anthony Edwin James Morris, op. cit, 15. In 1521, Charles V of Spain issued the code of “city-planning practice” based on a gridiron street layout.
 
17
The Champs Élysées was begun by André Le Nôtre in 1667. Lavedan (1959). Berlin has its own “Champs Élysées” named the Unter den Linden.
 
18
The term “boulevard” reminds that transformation. It comes either from Nordic bulvirke (bulwark), which means palisade—a medieval form of defense used before the employment of real walls and ramparts—or from old Dutch bolwerc, which means palisade or ramparts.
 
19
Thünen (1826), Alonso (1964).
 
20
Brucker (1969), 23–24.
 
21
Two basic types of housing were found in Rome: the domus for single-family occupation, and the insula or building block divided up into a number of apartments or cenaculae. Morris (1972), 63.
 
22
Carcopino (1960), Lanciani (1968).
 
23
The invention of efficient water-closets in 1890 produced healthier cities. The early Industrial Revolution was associated with appalling living conditions, typhus and tuberculosis. The advantage the countryside had over cities in terms of longevity disappeared around 1900. After that date, urban dwellers tended to live longer than country folks.
 
24
Garreau (1991).
 
25
James E. Vance, Jr., op. cit., 435.
 
26
See Ascher (1995).
 
27
See Bonnet (2000).
 
28
The importance of amenities is stressed by: Thisse et al. (1999).
 
29
William Alonso, op. cit.
 
30
Maddison (2001), 126.
 
31
Angus Maddison, op. cit.
 
32
See Chesnais (1994).
 
33
Generally building highways empties the surroundings areas of large cities to the benefit of those cities and their suburbs. See Plassard (1977).
 
Literatur
Alonso, W. (1964). Location and land use: Toward a general theory of land rent. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRef
Ascher, F. (1995). Métapolis, ou l’avenir des villes. Paris: Odile Jacob.
Bonnet, M. (2000). Mobilités, accessibilité et territoires. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Brucker, Gene A. (1969). Renaissance Florence. New York: Wiley.
Carcopino, J. (1956). Daily life in ancient Rome. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books and New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press (1960).
Chesnais, J. (1994). La Mondialisation du capital. Paris: Syros.
Garreau, J. (1991). Edge city: Life on the new frontier. New York: Doubleday.
Hall, P. (2001). Cities in civilization (1170 pages). London, UK: Phoenix Publisher.
Hohenberg, P. M., & Lees, L. H. (1985). The making of urban Europe, 1000–1950 (398 pages). Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press.
Homo, L. (1951). Rome impériale et urbanisme dans l’Antiquité. Paris: Albin Michel.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The life and death of great American cities. New York: Vintage.
Lanciani, R. A. (1897). The ruins and excavations of ancient Rome. London: Macmillan. (Reprinted New York: Arno Press, 1968).
Lavedan, P. (1959). Histoire de l’urbanisme: Renaissance et temps modernes. Paris: Henri Laurens éditeur.
Maddison, A. (2001). The world economy: A millennial perspective (383 pages). Paris: OECD.
Morris, A. E. J. (1972). History of urban form: Prehistory to the renaissance (270 pages). London: George Godwin Limited.
Morris, A. E. J. (1994). History of urban form: Before the industrial revolutions (444 pages). Harlow, England: Pearson Education & Prentice Hall.
Plassard, F. (1977). Les autoroutes et le développement régional. Paris: Economica.
Sassen, S. (1991). The global city. New York: Princeton University Press.
Thisse, J. F., Brueckner, J. K., & Zenou, Y. (1999). Why is central Paris rich and downtown Detroit poor? An amenity-based theory. European Economic Review, 43, 91–107.CrossRef
Vance, J. E., Jr. (1990). The continuing city: Urban morphology in western civilization (534 pages). Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University.
Von Thünen, J. H. (1826). Der Isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonomie. Hamburg: Puthes.
Metadaten
Titel
Poles and Routes Through History
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. Luc-Normand Tellier
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Buch
Urban World History

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24841-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-24842-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24842-0_14

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