Power Swing Detection and Generator Out-of-Step Protection Under Renewable Power Source Integration

The major blackout events with the process of generator oscillations are detailed in this chapter, along with their causes, at the outset. In the course of a complete literature evaluation, various forms of power swing detection and generator out-of-step protection systems have been detailed, together with their benefits and drawbacks. Based on the comprehensive review, the research aperture was emphasized at the conclusion. The research gap highlights the need for better power swing detection and generator out-of-step protection while using renewable energy sources in existing power systems.

The background of PMU and WAMS, as well as their applications, are discussed in this chapter. Beginning with a doubly-fed source system, the notion of out-of-step circumstances was explained. Later in the chapter, the theory and limits of double blinder-based and distance relays with power swing blocking functions are discussed. This chapter covers the principles of PMU and WAMS, which will be used in later chapters to implement and understand the proposed solution.

A synchronous generator’s protection system must be carefully designed since an unintended operation of the relay is almost as dangerous as a loss of operation. This is due to the fact that disconnecting a large generator may overwhelm the remainder of the system, causing power oscillations and an unstable power supply. Failure to rapidly remove a problem, on the other hand, may cause substantial damage to the generator and, as a result, disturb the entire system. In this chapter, major faults and abnormal conditions of a synchronous generator with its traditional protection system has been covered. The chapter fills up a bridge between the generator protection to the generator out-of-step protection.

The existing out-of-step protection schemes have proven deficient in preventing significant outages (Liu et al. 2018). Out-of-step protection schemes must not operate in stable power swing and rapidly isolate an asynchronous generator or group of generators from the rest of the power system in case of unstable power swing. The chapter proposes a novel phasor measurement unit (PMU) which incorporated a polygon-shaped graphical algorithm for out-of-step protection of the synchronous generator. The unique PMU-based logic further calculates the type of swing once the graphic scheme detects it. The novel graphical logic scheme design in this work can identify the complex power swing produced in the modern power system. The proposed algorithm can take the correct relaying decision in power swing due to renewable integration, load encroachment, and transient faults. This work uses the original and modified Kundur two-area system with a power system stabilizer (PSS) to test the proposed algorithm using MATLAB software environment. It provides assessment results of the proposed relay on the Indian grid system during the July-2012 blackout. The results declared that the proposed algorithm is fast, accurate, and adaptive in the modern power system and has better performance than the existing out-of-step protection schemes.

To avoid a blackout, power swing detection and an out-of-step protection method are essential. With the correct generator out-of-step relaying decision, power system stability improves. The chapter begins by presenting an accurate model of a synchronous generator. The predictive power swing detection and out-of-step tripping method are then presented in this chapter. In this chapter, the proposed out-of-step protection mechanism is implemented using the single machine infinite bus (SMIB). For the examination of the proposed out-of-step protection method for the transmission line, the contrasting situations with variations in fault resistance, position, and duration are considered. In the end, the chapter discusses the impact of small-signal disturbance and fault resistance on out-of-step protection. The proposed technique provides appropriate power swing detection and measurement performance. This chapter is based on Desai and Makwana (2022).

The out-of-step protection of a synchronous generator or a group of synchronous generators is unreliable with significant renewable power penetration in the power system. This work presents an innovative out-of-step protection algorithm using wavelet transform and deep learning to protect synchronous generators and transmission lines. The specific patterns are generated from a stable power swing, an unstable power swing, and a three-phase fault using the wavelet transform technique. The data containing 27008 continuous samples of 48 different features trains a two-layer feed-forward network’s particular design. The proposed algorithm gives an automatic, setting free, and highly accurate classification against the three-phase fault, the stable power swing, and the unstable power swing through pattern recognition within half cycle. The solution given in Chaps. 3, 4, and this chapter has a minor setting procedure that can be fully eliminated using the ANN approach. The proposed algorithm uses the Kundur two-area system and the 29-bus electric network for testing under different swing center locations and renewable power penetrations. The hardware-in-loop (HIL) test shows a newly developed out-of-step algorithm’s hardware compatibility. The proposed algorithm is compared with a recently reported algorithm in the end. The comparison and test results on different large-scale systems clarify that the algorithm is simple, fast, accurate, and HIL tested and not affected by the changes in power system parameters.

The book used power swing detection and generator out-of-step protection to avert blackouts. To determine the precise problem statement and research gap on the book topic, a literature survey utilizing research papers, observations using the real-time operation of the generator, and simulated case studies were conducted. According to the survey, the power system’s power swing characteristic is difficult. Due to the intricacy of the swing under the impact of renewable power penetration, control actions by AVR and AFC, and PSS action, distinguishing the stable power swing from three-phase fault, transient fault, and unstable power swing might be difficult.