4. Adaptive Out-of-Step Protection of Synchronous Generator

The existing out-of-step protection schemes have proven deficient in preventing significant outages (Liu et al. 2018). Out-of-step protection schemes must not operate in stable power swing and rapidly isolate an asynchronous generator or group of generators from the rest of the power system in case of unstable power swing. The chapter proposes a novel phasor measurement unit (PMU) which incorporated a polygon-shaped graphical algorithm for out-of-step protection of the synchronous generator. The unique PMU-based logic further calculates the type of swing once the graphic scheme detects it. The novel graphical logic scheme design in this work can identify the complex power swing produced in the modern power system. The proposed algorithm can take the correct relaying decision in power swing due to renewable integration, load encroachment, and transient faults. This work uses the original and modified Kundur two-area system with a power system stabilizer (PSS) to test the proposed algorithm using MATLAB software environment. It provides assessment results of the proposed relay on the Indian grid system during the July-2012 blackout. The results declared that the proposed algorithm is fast, accurate, and adaptive in the modern power system and has better performance than the existing out-of-step protection schemes.