Skip to main content

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Promoting Inclusivity Through Time-Dynamic Discourse Analysis in Digitally-Mediated Collaborative Learning

verfasst von : Nia Dowell, Yiwen Lin, Andrew Godfrey, Christopher Brooks

Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence in Education

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The availability of naturally occurring educational discourse data within educational platforms presents a golden opportunity to make advances in understanding online learner ecologies and enabling new kinds of personalized interventions focused on increasing inclusivity and equity. However, to gain a more substantive view of how peer interaction is influenced by group composition and gender, learning and computational sciences require new automated methodological approaches that will provide a deeper understanding of learners’ communication patterns and interaction dynamics across digitally-meditated group learning platforms. In the current research, we explore learners’ discourse by employing Group Communication Analysis (GCA), a computational linguistics methodology for quantifying and characterizing the discourse sociocognitive processes between learners in online interactions. The aim of this study is to use GCA to investigate the influence of gender and gender pairing on students’ intra- and interpersonal discourse processes in online environments. Students were randomly assigned to one of three groups of varying gender composition: 75% women, 50% women, or 25% women. Our results suggest that the sociocognitive discourse patterns, as captured by the GCA, reveal deeper level patterns in the way individuals interact within online environments along gender and group composition lines. The scalability of the methodology opens the door for future research efforts directed towards understanding, and creating more equitable and inclusive online peer-interactions.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard, R.M., et al.: A meta-analysis of three types of interaction treatments in distance education. Rev. Educ. Res. 79(3), 1243–1289 (2009)CrossRef Bernard, R.M., et al.: A meta-analysis of three types of interaction treatments in distance education. Rev. Educ. Res. 79(3), 1243–1289 (2009)CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Borokhovski, E., Tamim, R., Bernard, R.M., Abrami, P.C., Sokolovskaya, A.: Are contextual and designed student-student interaction treatments equally effective in distance education? Distance Educ. 33(3), 311–329 (2012)CrossRef Borokhovski, E., Tamim, R., Bernard, R.M., Abrami, P.C., Sokolovskaya, A.: Are contextual and designed student-student interaction treatments equally effective in distance education? Distance Educ. 33(3), 311–329 (2012)CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., Cocking, R.R.: How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School (Exp Sub edition). National Academies Press, Washington (2000) Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., Cocking, R.R.: How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School (Exp Sub edition). National Academies Press, Washington (2000)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Çakır, M.P., Zemel, A., Stahl, G.: The joint organization of interaction within a multimodal CSCL medium. Int. J. Comput.-Support. Collaborative Learn. 4(2), 115–149 (2009)CrossRef Çakır, M.P., Zemel, A., Stahl, G.: The joint organization of interaction within a multimodal CSCL medium. Int. J. Comput.-Support. Collaborative Learn. 4(2), 115–149 (2009)CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Chopade, P., Stoeffler, K., M Khan, S., Rosen, Y., Swartz, S., von Davier, A.: Human-agent assessment: interaction and sub-skills scoring for collaborative problem solving. In: Penstein Rosé, C., Martínez-Maldonado, R., Hoppe, H.U., Luckin, R., Mavrikis, M., Porayska-Pomsta, K., McLaren, B., du Boulay, B. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10948, pp. 52–57. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93846-2_10CrossRef Chopade, P., Stoeffler, K., M Khan, S., Rosen, Y., Swartz, S., von Davier, A.: Human-agent assessment: interaction and sub-skills scoring for collaborative problem solving. In: Penstein Rosé, C., Martínez-Maldonado, R., Hoppe, H.U., Luckin, R., Mavrikis, M., Porayska-Pomsta, K., McLaren, B., du Boulay, B. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10948, pp. 52–57. Springer, Cham (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-93846-2_​10CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Dasgupta, N., Scircle, M.M., Hunsinger, M.: Female peers in small work groups enhance women’s motivation, verbal participation, and career aspirations in engineering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112(16), 4988–4993 (2015)CrossRef Dasgupta, N., Scircle, M.M., Hunsinger, M.: Female peers in small work groups enhance women’s motivation, verbal participation, and career aspirations in engineering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112(16), 4988–4993 (2015)CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Dich, Y., Reilly, J., Schneider, B.: Using physiological synchrony as an indicator of collaboration quality, task performance and learning. In: Penstein Rosé, C., Martínez-Maldonado, R., Hoppe, H.U., Luckin, R., Mavrikis, M., Porayska-Pomsta, K., McLaren, B., du Boulay, B. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10947, pp. 98–110. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93843-1_8CrossRef Dich, Y., Reilly, J., Schneider, B.: Using physiological synchrony as an indicator of collaboration quality, task performance and learning. In: Penstein Rosé, C., Martínez-Maldonado, R., Hoppe, H.U., Luckin, R., Mavrikis, M., Porayska-Pomsta, K., McLaren, B., du Boulay, B. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10947, pp. 98–110. Springer, Cham (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-93843-1_​8CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Ding, N., Bosker, R.J., Harskamp, E.G.: Exploring gender and gender pairing in the knowledge elaboration processes of students using computer-supported collaborative learning. Comput. Educ. 56(2), 325–336 (2011)CrossRef Ding, N., Bosker, R.J., Harskamp, E.G.: Exploring gender and gender pairing in the knowledge elaboration processes of students using computer-supported collaborative learning. Comput. Educ. 56(2), 325–336 (2011)CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Dowell, N.M., Cade, W.L., Tausczik, Y., Pennebaker, J., Graesser, A.C.: What works: creating adaptive and intelligent systems for collaborative learning support. In: Trausan-Matu, S., Boyer, K.E., Crosby, M., Panourgia, K. (eds.) ITS 2014. LNCS, vol. 8474, pp. 124–133. Springer, Cham (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07221-0_15CrossRef Dowell, N.M., Cade, W.L., Tausczik, Y., Pennebaker, J., Graesser, A.C.: What works: creating adaptive and intelligent systems for collaborative learning support. In: Trausan-Matu, S., Boyer, K.E., Crosby, M., Panourgia, K. (eds.) ITS 2014. LNCS, vol. 8474, pp. 124–133. Springer, Cham (2014). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-07221-0_​15CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dowell, N.M., Graesser, A.C.: Modeling learners’ cognitive, affective, and social processes through language and discourse. J. Learn. Anal. 1(3), 183–186 (2015)CrossRef Dowell, N.M., Graesser, A.C.: Modeling learners’ cognitive, affective, and social processes through language and discourse. J. Learn. Anal. 1(3), 183–186 (2015)CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Dowell, N.M., Nixon, T., Graesser, A.C.: Group communication analysis: a computational linguistics approach for detecting sociocognitive roles in multi-party interactions. Behav. Res. Methods 51, 1007–1041 (2019)CrossRef Dowell, N.M., Nixon, T., Graesser, A.C.: Group communication analysis: a computational linguistics approach for detecting sociocognitive roles in multi-party interactions. Behav. Res. Methods 51, 1007–1041 (2019)CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Dowell, N. M., Poquet, O., Brooks, C.: Applying group communication analysis to educational discourse interactions at scale. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Learning Sciences. London, England (2018) Dowell, N. M., Poquet, O., Brooks, C.: Applying group communication analysis to educational discourse interactions at scale. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Learning Sciences. London, England (2018)
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Eddy, S.L., Brownell, S.E., Thummaphan, P., Lan, M.-C., Wenderoth, M.P.: Caution, student experience may vary: social identities impact a student’s experience in peer discussions. CBE Life Sci. Educ. 14(4), ar45 (2015)CrossRef Eddy, S.L., Brownell, S.E., Thummaphan, P., Lan, M.-C., Wenderoth, M.P.: Caution, student experience may vary: social identities impact a student’s experience in peer discussions. CBE Life Sci. Educ. 14(4), ar45 (2015)CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitzpatrick, H., Hardman, M.: Mediated activity in the primary classroom: girls, boys and computers. Learn. Instr. 10(5), 431–446 (2000)CrossRef Fitzpatrick, H., Hardman, M.: Mediated activity in the primary classroom: girls, boys and computers. Learn. Instr. 10(5), 431–446 (2000)CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Freeman, S., et al.: Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(23), 8410–8415 (2014)CrossRef Freeman, S., et al.: Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(23), 8410–8415 (2014)CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstone, R.L., Lupyan, G.: Discovering psychological principles by mining naturally occurring data sets. Top. Cognitive Sci. 8(3), 548–568 (2016)CrossRef Goldstone, R.L., Lupyan, G.: Discovering psychological principles by mining naturally occurring data sets. Top. Cognitive Sci. 8(3), 548–568 (2016)CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu, X., Cai, Z., Wiemer-Hastings, P., Graesser, A.C., McNamara, D.S.: Strengths, Limitations, and Extensions of LSA. The Handbook of Latent Semantic Analysis, pp. 401–426 (2007) Hu, X., Cai, Z., Wiemer-Hastings, P., Graesser, A.C., McNamara, D.S.: Strengths, Limitations, and Extensions of LSA. The Handbook of Latent Semantic Analysis, pp. 401–426 (2007)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Landauer, T.K., McNamara, D.S., Dennis, S., Kintsch, W. (eds.): Handbook of Latent Semantic Analysis. Psychology Press (2013) Landauer, T.K., McNamara, D.S., Dennis, S., Kintsch, W. (eds.): Handbook of Latent Semantic Analysis. Psychology Press (2013)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Inzlicht, M., Ben-Zeev, T.: A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychol. Sci. 11(5), 365–371 (2000)CrossRef Inzlicht, M., Ben-Zeev, T.: A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychol. Sci. 11(5), 365–371 (2000)CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, D.R.: Campus racial climate perceptions and overall sense of belonging among racially diverse women in STEM majors. J. Coll. Student Dev. 53(2), 336–346 (2012)CrossRef Johnson, D.R.: Campus racial climate perceptions and overall sense of belonging among racially diverse women in STEM majors. J. Coll. Student Dev. 53(2), 336–346 (2012)CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T.: Learning Together and Alone. Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning, 4th edn. Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights (1994) Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T.: Learning Together and Alone. Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning, 4th edn. Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights (1994)
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Joiner, R., Messer, D., Littleton, K., Light, P.: Gender, computer experience and computer-based problem solving. Comput. Educ. 26(1), 179–187 (1996)CrossRef Joiner, R., Messer, D., Littleton, K., Light, P.: Gender, computer experience and computer-based problem solving. Comput. Educ. 26(1), 179–187 (1996)CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Joksimović, S.A., Gašević, D.A., Loughin, T.M.C., Kovanović, V.B., Hatala, M.D.: Learning at distance: effects of interaction traces on academic achievement. Comput. Educ. 87, 204–217 (2015)CrossRef Joksimović, S.A., Gašević, D.A., Loughin, T.M.C., Kovanović, V.B., Hatala, M.D.: Learning at distance: effects of interaction traces on academic achievement. Comput. Educ. 87, 204–217 (2015)CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessels, U., Hannover, B.: When being a girl matters less: accessibility of gender-related self-knowledge in single-sex and coeducational classes and its impact on students’ physics-related self-concept of ability. Br. J. Educ. Psychol. 78(Pt 2), 273–289 (2008)CrossRef Kessels, U., Hannover, B.: When being a girl matters less: accessibility of gender-related self-knowledge in single-sex and coeducational classes and its impact on students’ physics-related self-concept of ability. Br. J. Educ. Psychol. 78(Pt 2), 273–289 (2008)CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P.A., Jochems, W.: Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research. Comput. Hum. Behav. 19(3), 335–353 (2003)CrossRef Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P.A., Jochems, W.: Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research. Comput. Hum. Behav. 19(3), 335–353 (2003)CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Perera, N., Wise, A.F.: Beyond Demographic Boxes: Relationships Between Students’ Cultural Orientations and Collaborative Communication. In: Smith, B.K., Borge, M., Mercier, E., Lim, K.Y. (eds.). Presented at the Making a Difference: Prioritizing Equity and Access in CSCL, 12th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), Philadelphia, PA: International Society of the Learning Sciences (2017). http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1172562/FULLTEXT01.pdf#page=187 Perera, N., Wise, A.F.: Beyond Demographic Boxes: Relationships Between Students’ Cultural Orientations and Collaborative Communication. In: Smith, B.K., Borge, M., Mercier, E., Lim, K.Y. (eds.). Presented at the Making a Difference: Prioritizing Equity and Access in CSCL, 12th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), Philadelphia, PA: International Society of the Learning Sciences (2017). http://​www.​diva-portal.​org/​smash/​get/​diva2:​1172562/​FULLTEXT01.​pdf#page=​187
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Prinsen, F.R., Volman, M.L.L., Terwel, J.: Gender-related differences in computer-mediated communication and computer-supported collaborative learning. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 23(5), 393–409 (2007)CrossRef Prinsen, F.R., Volman, M.L.L., Terwel, J.: Gender-related differences in computer-mediated communication and computer-supported collaborative learning. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 23(5), 393–409 (2007)CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Reimann, P.: Time is precious: variable- and event-centred approaches to process analysis in CSCL research. Int. J. Comput.-Support. Collaborative Learn. 4(3), 239–257 (2009)CrossRef Reimann, P.: Time is precious: variable- and event-centred approaches to process analysis in CSCL research. Int. J. Comput.-Support. Collaborative Learn. 4(3), 239–257 (2009)CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Savicki, V., Kelley, M.: Computer mediated communication: gender and group composition. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Impact Internet Multimedia Virtual Reality Behav. Soc. 3(5), 817–826 (2000) Savicki, V., Kelley, M.: Computer mediated communication: gender and group composition. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Impact Internet Multimedia Virtual Reality Behav. Soc. 3(5), 817–826 (2000)
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Stahl, G.: Group practices: a new way of viewing CSCL. Int. J. Comput.-Support. Collaborative Learn. 12(1), 113–126 (2017)CrossRef Stahl, G.: Group practices: a new way of viewing CSCL. Int. J. Comput.-Support. Collaborative Learn. 12(1), 113–126 (2017)CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Stahl, G., Koschmann, T., Suthers, D.D.: Computer-supported collaborative learning: an historical perspective. In: Sawyer, R.K. (ed.) Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences, pp. 409–426. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006) Stahl, G., Koschmann, T., Suthers, D.D.: Computer-supported collaborative learning: an historical perspective. In: Sawyer, R.K. (ed.) Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences, pp. 409–426. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Stahl, G., Rosé, C.P.: Theories of Team Cognition: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. In: Salas, E., Fiore, S.M., Letsky, M.P. (eds.), pp. 111–134. Routledge, New York (2013) Stahl, G., Rosé, C.P.: Theories of Team Cognition: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. In: Salas, E., Fiore, S.M., Letsky, M.P. (eds.), pp. 111–134. Routledge, New York (2013)
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart, A., D’Mello, S.K.: Connecting the dots towards collaborative AIED: linking group makeup to process to learning. In: Penstein Rosé, C., Martínez-Maldonado, R., Hoppe, H.U., Luckin, R., Mavrikis, M., Porayska-Pomsta, K., McLaren, B., du Boulay, B. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10947, pp. 545–556. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93843-1_40CrossRef Stewart, A., D’Mello, S.K.: Connecting the dots towards collaborative AIED: linking group makeup to process to learning. In: Penstein Rosé, C., Martínez-Maldonado, R., Hoppe, H.U., Luckin, R., Mavrikis, M., Porayska-Pomsta, K., McLaren, B., du Boulay, B. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10947, pp. 545–556. Springer, Cham (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-93843-1_​40CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Suthers, D.D., Dwyer, N., Medina, R., Vatrapu, R.: A framework for conceptualizing, representing, and analyzing distributed interaction. Int. J. Comput.-Support. Collaborative Learn. 5(1), 5–42 (2010)CrossRef Suthers, D.D., Dwyer, N., Medina, R., Vatrapu, R.: A framework for conceptualizing, representing, and analyzing distributed interaction. Int. J. Comput.-Support. Collaborative Learn. 5(1), 5–42 (2010)CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Theobald, E.J., Eddy, S.L., Grunspan, D.Z., Wiggins, B.L., Crowe, A.J.: Student perception of group dynamics predicts individual performance: comfort and equity matter. PLoS ONE 12(7), e0181336 (2017)CrossRef Theobald, E.J., Eddy, S.L., Grunspan, D.Z., Wiggins, B.L., Crowe, A.J.: Student perception of group dynamics predicts individual performance: comfort and equity matter. PLoS ONE 12(7), e0181336 (2017)CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Underwood, J., Underwood, G., Wood, D.: When does gender matter?: interactions during computer-based problem solving. Learn. Instr. 10(5), 447–462 (2000)CrossRef Underwood, J., Underwood, G., Wood, D.: When does gender matter?: interactions during computer-based problem solving. Learn. Instr. 10(5), 447–462 (2000)CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Walton, G.M., Cohen, G.L., Cwir, D., Spencer, S.J.: Mere belonging: the power of social connections. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 102(3), 513–532 (2012)CrossRef Walton, G.M., Cohen, G.L., Cwir, D., Spencer, S.J.: Mere belonging: the power of social connections. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 102(3), 513–532 (2012)CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang, S.-L., Lin, S.S.J.: The effects of group composition of self-efficacy and collective efficacy on computer-supported collaborative learning. Comput. Hum. Behav. 23(5), 2256–2268 (2007)MathSciNetCrossRef Wang, S.-L., Lin, S.S.J.: The effects of group composition of self-efficacy and collective efficacy on computer-supported collaborative learning. Comput. Hum. Behav. 23(5), 2256–2268 (2007)MathSciNetCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Wunnasri, W., Pailai, J., Hayashi, Y., Hirashima, T.: Reciprocal kit-building of concept map to share each other’s understanding as preparation for collaboration. In: Penstein Rosé, C., Martínez-Maldonado, R., Hoppe, H.U., Luckin, R., Mavrikis, M., Porayska-Pomsta, K., McLaren, B., du Boulay, B. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10947, pp. 599–612. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93843-1_44CrossRef Wunnasri, W., Pailai, J., Hayashi, Y., Hirashima, T.: Reciprocal kit-building of concept map to share each other’s understanding as preparation for collaboration. In: Penstein Rosé, C., Martínez-Maldonado, R., Hoppe, H.U., Luckin, R., Mavrikis, M., Porayska-Pomsta, K., McLaren, B., du Boulay, B. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10947, pp. 599–612. Springer, Cham (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-3-319-93843-1_​44CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Promoting Inclusivity Through Time-Dynamic Discourse Analysis in Digitally-Mediated Collaborative Learning
verfasst von
Nia Dowell
Yiwen Lin
Andrew Godfrey
Christopher Brooks
Copyright-Jahr
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23204-7_18