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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Protective Relief

verfasst von : Neil Andrews

Erschienen in: The Three Paths of Justice

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Freezing injunctions and civil search orders prevent the defendant from thwarting the claimant’s efforts at achieving justice by dealing with assets or evidence in a cynical way, or by absconding from the jurisdiction.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Enforcement of Court Judgments and Orders

Nächstes Kapitel Multi-party Litigation

Bibliography, Section 3.9 (Freezing Relief); Neil Andrews ‘Provisional and Protective Measures: Towards a Uniform Provisional Order’ (2001) Uniform L Rev (Rev dr unif) vol VI, 931-49 (this Article contains analysis of a possible ‘blue-print’ for an international code or practice relating to freezing relief, preservation of evidence, and asset disclosure orders). See also D Bean, Injunctions (12th edn, Sweet and Maxwell, London, 2015); P McGrath, ‘The Freezing Order: A Constantly Evolving Jurisdiction’ (2012) 31 CJQ 12.

JSC Mezhdunarodniy Promyshlenniy Bank v Pugachev [2015] EWCA Civ 139, [2016] 1 WLR 160, at [14] and [17].

Cretanor Maritime Co Ltd v Irish Marine Maritime Ltd [1978] 3 All ER 164, CA; Capital Cameras Ltd v Harold Lines Ltd [1991] 1 WLR 54 (Harman J); Flightline v Edwards [2003] 1 WLR 1200, CA.

[2017] EWHC 636, [2017] 1 WLR 2571, at [10] to [12] (Mann J) (but such a variation, even though unnecessary was made in this case).

CPR 25.1(1)(f) renames the injunction (which had been earlier ratified by s 37(3), Senior Courts Act 1981).

PD (25A), para 1.2: Masters or District judges can make such orders only in special cases.

Fourie v Le Roux [2007] UKHL 1, [2007] 1 WLR 320.

JSC Mezhdunarodniy Promyshlenniy Bank v Pugachev [2015] EWCA Civ 139, [2016] 1 WLR 160, at [13], [24], [25], [48], [58] to [60].

Ibid, at [13].

PD (25A): accessible at (http://www.justicegov.uk/civil/procrules_fin/menus/rules.htm).

Such a cross-undertaking will not always be required; Financial Services Authority v Sinaloa Gold plc [2013] UKSC 11, [2013] 2 AC 28.

an important survey) Memory Corporation plc v Sidhu (No 2) [2000] 1 WLR 1443, 1453-6, CA (Robert Walker LJ).

Brink’s Mat Ltd v Elcombe [1988] 1 WLR 1350, 1358, CA; Lloyds Bowmaker Ltd v Britannia Arrow Holdings plc [1988] 1 WLR 1337, 1347, CA; Behbehani v Salem [1989] 1 WLR 723, CA; Laemthong International Lines Co Ltd v ARTIS [2004] EWHC 2226 (Comm), [2004] 2 All ER (Comm) 797 (Colman J).

[2015] EWHC 769 (Comm), [2015] 3 All ER 577, at [221] ff, notably at [224], [225], [238], [249], [250].

Ibid, at [249].

[2015] EWCA Civ 139, [2016] 1 WLR 160.

Ibid, at [68].

Ibid, at [99].

Ibid, at [90].

Energy Venture Partners Ltd v Malabu Oil And Gas Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 1295, [2015] 1 WLR 2309, at [53].

Ibid, at [90].

Ibid, at [53].

[2015] EWCA Civ 139, [2016] 1 WLR 160, at [90].

Energy Venture Partners Ltd v Malabu Oil And Gas Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ 1295, [2015] 1 WLR 2309, at [54].

Holyoake v Candy [2016] EWHC 970 (Ch), [2016] 3 WLR 357, at [50] (Nugee J) (see next footnote).

Candy v Holyoake [2017] EWCA Civ 92, [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 513, at [79] ff.

Ibid, at [109].

Ibid, at [68] ff, discussing the case law.

[2015] EWHC 225 (Ch), [2015] Bus LR 882 ( David Richards J), at [147] and [151] ff.

[2015] EWCA Civ 139, [2016] 1 WLR 160, at [85] and [86].

[2014] EWCA Civ 711, [2015] Ch 309, at [29] ff.

Lord Diplock in F Hoffmann-La Roche & Co AG v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1975] AC 295, 361, HL.

[2014] EWCA Civ 711, [2015] Ch 309, at [64].

Ibid, at [91] to [101].

Ibid, at [150] (Vos LJ), see also at [106] (McCombe LJ) and at [154] to [156] (Arden LJ).

Flightwise Travel Service Ltd v Gill [2003] EWHC 3082 (Ch), The Times 5 December 2003, at [18] to end (Neuberger J).

Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corporation v Recoletos Ltd [2011] EWHC 2242 (Comm), at [5] to [20], especially [5] to [7] (Cooke J); significant delay, even if unexplained, which has occurred without specific prejudice to the respondent, might not preclude relief, Cyprus Popular Bank Public Co Ltd v Vgenopoulos (No 2) [2016] EWHC 1695 (QB), [2017] QB 453 (Picken J), at [36] and [37] (appeal pending).

Ninemia Maritime Corporation v Trave [1983] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 600 ( Mustill J); approved [1983] 1 WLR 1412, CA (Kerr LJ); Holyoake v Candy [2016] EWHC 970 (Ch), [2016] 3 WLR 357, at [9] to [18] (reversed, but not on this point, at [2017] EWCA Civ 92, [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 513); on different perceptions of an applicant’s claim by successive Commercial Court judges, see the facts of Laemthong International Lines Co Ltd v ARTIS [2004] EWHC 2226 (Comm), [2004] 2 All ER (Comm) 797 (Colman J).

Fourie v Le Roux [2007] UKHL 1, [2007] 1 WLR 320.

The case law is considered in Kazakhstan Kagazy plc v Zhunus [2016] EWCA Civ 1036, [2017] 1 WLR 1360, at [23] ff.

Re First Express Ltd, The Times 8 October, 1991 (Hoffmann J).

Candy v Holyoake [2017] EWCA Civ 92, [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 513, at [65].

Ibid, at [34].

Refco Inc v Eastern Trading Co [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 159, 171, CA (Morritt LJ) (no such risk on the facts).

Dispositions, pledges, charges; in CBS UK Ltd v Lambert [1983] Ch 37, 42, CA (Lawton LJ) and in Z Ltd v A-Z [1982] 1 QB 558, 571, CA (Lord Denning MR), both citing the words ‘otherwise dealing with’ in s 37(3), Senior Courts Act 1981.

Laemthong International Lines Co Ltd v ARTIS [2004] EWHC 2226 (Comm), [2004] 2 All ER (Comm) 797, at [60] (Colman J), citing authorities.

Candy v Holyoake [2017] EWCA Civ 92, [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 513, at [34]; adding ‘although precisely what this [evidential requirement] entails in any given case will necessarily vary according to the individual circumstances: see e.g. Gee on Commercial Injunctions (6th edition, Sweet and Maxwell, London, 2016) in particular at 12.032–12.034 and 12.042’.

Etablissements Esefka International Anstalt v Central Bank of Nigeria [1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 445.

Refco Inc v Eastern Trading Co [1999] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 159, 171, CA (Morritt LJ).

Ketchum International plc v Group Public Relations Holdings Ltd [1997] 1 WLR 4, 13, CA; Commissioner of Customs & Excise v Anchor Foods Ltd [1999] 1 WLR 1139 (if D’s proposed transaction is bona fide, the court’s discretion to grant an injunction should be exercised very circumspectly); this factor was not satisfied in Re Q’s Estate [1999] 1 All ER (Comm) 499 (Rix J).

[2014] EWCA Civ 636, [2015] 1 WLR 291.

Element (iii) arises under the standard order (applicable to both Commercial Court and other High Court proceedings): ‘the Respondent’s assets include any asset which he has the power, directly or indirectly, to dispose of or deal with as if it were his own. The Respondent is to be regarded as having such power if a third party holds or controls the asset in accordance with his direct or indirect instructions.’

[2014] EWCA Civ 636, [2015] 1 WLR 291, at [31] (Tomlinson LJ), and [41] and [42] (Rix LJ).

Respecting the principle of separate corporate personality see the careful analysis in Group Seven Ltd v Allied Investment Corporation Ltd [2013] EWHC 1509 (Ch), [2014] 1 WLR 735, at [62] to [70] (Hildyard J).

Ibid, at [49] (Rimer LJ), considering JSC BTA Bank v Solodchenko and Kythreotis [2010] EWCA Civ 1436], [2011] 1 WLR 888, at [26] and [31] (Patten LJ).

[2010] EWCA Civ 1436, [2011] 1 WLR 888.

Ibid, at [26] and [31] (Patten LJ), as noted in Lakatamia Shipping Co Ltd v Su [2014] EWCA Civ 636, [2015] 1 WLR 291, at [49] (Rimer LJ).

[2015] UKSC 64, [2015] 1 WLR 4754; noted A Vyalkov (2016) 35 CJQ 121–128.

Commercial Court Guide, Appendix 11, at para 6 of the draft order.

T Hartley, ‘Jurisdiction in Conflict of Laws: Disclosure, Third-Party Debt and Freezing Orders’ (2010) 126 LQR 194, 201–205 (disclosure), 210–221 (freezing injunctions).

Annex to PD (25A); Babanaft Co SA v Bassatne [1990] Ch 13, CA; Republic of Haiti v Duvalier [1990] QB 202, CA; Derby & Co v Weldon (No 1) [1990] Ch 48, CA; Derby & Co Ltd v Weldon (No’s 3 & 4) [1990] Ch 65, CA; LA Collins, ‘The Territorial Reach of Mareva Injunctions’ (1989) 105 LQR 262-99; LA Collins, chapters VIII and IX, in Essays in International Litigation (Oxford University Press, 1993); Dicey, Morris and Collins on the Conflict of Laws (15th edn, Sweet and Maxwell, London, 2012), 8.14 ff; on the inchoate status of an English registration of a Cypriot worldwide freezing injunction, prior to the conclusion of an appeal against registration, Cyprus Popular Bank Public Co Ltd v Vgenopoulos (No 1) [2016] EWHC 1442 (QB), [2017] QB 453 (Picken J) (appeal pending); but note the availability of English domestic freezing relief during this interval, Cyprus Popular Bank etc (No 2) [2016] EWHC 1695 (QB), [2017] QB 453 (Picken J) (appeal pending).

eg, Crédit Suisse Fides Trust SA v Cuoghi [1998] QB 818, 827-8, CA (Millett LJ); L Merrett, ‘Worldwide Freezing Orders in Europe’ [2008] LMCLQ 71, at 84-5.

Babanaft International Co SA v Bassatne [1990] Ch 13, 41, CA (Nicholls LJ).

[2006] EWCA Civ 399, [2006] 1 WLR 2499, [2006] CP Rep 31, at [25] with commentary on each at [26] ff; noted T Rutherford (2006) NLJ 837.

Incorporated in Freezing Injunctions, Annex to PD (25A), at (19); this protection originated in Babanaft Co SA v Bassatne [1990] Ch 13, CA.

[2002] 1 All ER 717, CA; noting the proviso’s genesis in Baltic Shipping v Translink Shipping Ltd [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 673 (Clarke J); the proviso is now incorporated in the Freezing Injunctions, Annex to PD (25A), at (20).

For the position regarding ICSID arbitration, ETI Euro Telecom International NV v Republic of Bolivia [2008] EWCA Civ 880, [2009] 1 WLR 665; and see 9.04.

Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 s 25; Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (Interim Relief) Order 1997 (SI 1997, No 302); Article 34, Brussels 1 bis, Jurisdiction Regulation (2012) (effective 10 January, 2016, superseding the 2001 Jurisdiction Regulation), states: ‘Application may be made to the courts of a Member State for such provisional, including protective, measures as may be available under the law of that Member State, even if the courts of another Member State have jurisdiction as to the substance of the matter.’

[2015] EWCA Civ 139, [2016] 1 WLR 160, at [14].

[2015] EWHC 1694 (Ch), [2015] 1 WLR 781 (Hildward J).

Summarised [2015] EWHC 1694 (Ch), [2015] 1 WLR 781, at [11] to [14] (Hildyard J).

Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior SNC v Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba SA [2007] EWCA Civ 662, [2008] 1 WLR 1936, at [27] to [29] (explained in Masri v Consolidated Contractors International [2008] EWCA Civ 303, [2009] QB 450, at [107]); see also next note.

Belletti v Morici [2009] EWHC 2316 (Comm), [2010] 1 All ER (Comm) 412, [2009] 2 CLC 525 (Flaux J) (conclusion at [53]; relevant authorities collected at [19]).

[2003] EWCA Civ 752, [2004] 1 WLR 113, CA, at [115].

Ibid, at [125] and [126]; Belletti v Morici [2009] EWHC 2316 (Comm), [2010] 1 All ER (Comm) 412, [2009] 2 CLC 525 (Flaux J) (relevant authorities cited at [19] and conclusion given at [53]).

[2003] EWCA Civ 752, [2004] 1 WLR 113, at [127] and [128].

[2014] EWCA Civ 1291, [2015] 1 WLR 1917, at [87] (Gloster LJ).

Derby & Co Ltd v Weldon (No 1) [1990] Ch 48, CA; Derby & Co Ltd v Weldon (Nos 3 & 4) [1990] Ch 65, 86, 94-5, CA; Bank of Crete SA v Koskotas [1991] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 587, CA; LA Collins (1989) 105 LQR 262, 286 ff; C McLachlan, ‘The Jurisdictional Limits of Disclosure Orders: Transnational Fraud Litigation’ (1998) ICLQ 3.

[2015] EWCA Civ 139, [2016] 1 WLR 160.

Ibid, at [24] and [25]; [48], [48], [58] to [60].

Ibid, at [13].

[2015] UKSC 78, [2016] 1 WLR 76, at [21] to [23]; J Carroll, (2016) 35 CJQ 113–120.

[2015] EWHC 1694 (Ch), [2015] 1 WLR 781 (Hildyard J).

Ibid, at [43].

Ibid, at [41] and [42].

Freezing Injunctions, Annex to PD (25A), para (16); Z Ltd v A [1982] QB 558, 567, CA (Eveleigh LJ); Re Supply of Ready Mixed Concrete (No 2) [1995] 1 AC 456, HL; Att-Gen v Newspaper Publishing plc [1997] 3 All ER 159, 169, CA.

Freezing Injunctions, Annex to PD (25A), para (16).

Z Ltd v A [1982] QB 558, CA.

Meroni v Recoletos Ltd (Case C-559/14) [2017] QB 85, [2016] ILPr 29 (ECJ).

Ibid, at [49].

[2006] UKHL 28, [2007] 1 AC 181, HL (reversing [2004] EWCA Civ 1555, [2005] 1 WLR 2082).

[2006] UKHL 28, [2007] 1 AC 181, at [18], [19] and [23].

Annex to PD (25A): schedule B, para (7); earlier, Searose Ltd v Seatrain (UK) Ltd [1981] 1 WLR 894, CA.

JSC BTA Bank v Solodchenko [2010] EWCA Civ 1436, [2011] 1 WLR 888, at [58] (Longmore LJ).

[2010] UKSC 1, [2010] 2 AC 697; see also Begg v Her Majesty’s Treasury [2016] EWCA Civ 568, [2016] 1 WLR 4113.

[2017] EWCA Civ 253, [2017] 1 WLR 3938.

Candy v Holyoake [2017] EWCA Civ 92, [2017] 2 All ER (Comm) 513.

Ibid, at [35] to [48]; but no sufficient risk was shown in this case, at [64], reversing the judge below.

Re-named as such, CPR 25.1(1)(h); Bibliography, Section 3.9 (Freezing Relief); the standard order is set out in Search Orders, Annex to PD (25A).

Anton Piller v Manufacturing Processes [1976] Ch 55, CA is the eponymous decision.

100

s 7(8), Civil Procedure Act 1997.

101

PD (25A), Seach Orders, Annex.

102

s 7(4)(b), Civil Procedure Act 1997.

103

Anton Piller case [1976] Ch 55, 62, CA (Ormrod LJ).

104

Hy-trac v Conveyors International [1983] 1 WLR 44, CA.

105

Anton Piller case [1976] Ch 55, 62, CA.

106

Ibid, at 59–60 (Lord Denning): ‘grave danger that vital evidence will be destroyed’.

107

Criterion proposed by the report into ‘Anton Piller Orders’, (Consultation Paper, Lord Chancellor’s Department, 1992), 2.8, following Columbia Picture Industries v Robinson [1987] 1 Ch 38, 76 (Scott J), and Lock International plc v Beswick [1989] 1 WLR 1268, 1281 (Hoffmann J).

108

C plc v P [2007] EWCA Civ 493, [2008] Ch 1; and see 2.39: and literature in Bibliography, Section 3.5.

109

[2007] EWCA Civ 493, [2008] 1 Ch 1, at [26] to [38] (Longmore LJ), and at [74] (Sir Martin Nourse); noted R Moules [2007] CLJ 528.

110

1996) 23 EHRR 313, at [69].

111

[2007] EWCA Civ 493, [2008] 1 Ch 1, at [63] to [73].

112

s 13, Fraud Act 2006 (considered in Kensington International Ltd v Republic of the Congo [2007] EWCA Civ 1128, [2008] 1 WLR 1144).

113

s 72, Senior Courts Act 1981.

114

R v K (A) [2009] EWCA Crim 905, [2010] QB 343, at [19] to [32].

115

[2007] EWCA Civ 1128, [2008] 1 WLR 1144.

116

s 72(5), Senior Courts Act 1981.

117

[2012] UKSC 28, [2012] 3 WLR 312.

118

Neil Andrews, Principles of Procedure (Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1994), 8-50 to 8-053; Dicey, Morris and Collins on the Conflict of Laws (15th edn, 2012), 8.011, n 34; L Anderson, ‘Antiquity in Action…’ (1987) 103 LQR 246.

119

[2010] EWCA Civ 741, notably at [31], [46], and [62].

120

[2012] EWHC 138 (Fam), [2012] Fam 198 (Mostyn J).

121

Felton v Callis [1969] 1 QB 200, 210–211, 215 (Megarry J); Thaha v Thaha [1987] 2 FLR 142 (Wood J); Bayer AG v Winter [1986] 1 WLR 497, CA; B v B [1998] 1 WLR 329, 334 (Wilson J); see also Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co [2010] EWCA Civ 741.

122

[2012] EWHC 138 (Fam), [2012] Fam 198, at [21] (Mostyn J).

123

[2014] EWCA Civ 843, [2015] Fam 209.

124

A paternalistic jurisdiction: a ‘ward of court’ is someone under 18 years of age whose well-being is under judicial supervision.

125

Ibid, at [19] to [22].

Titel: Protective Relief
verfasst von: Neil Andrews
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Three Paths of Justice
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74831-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-74832-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74832-0_7

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