Introduction
Background
Problem
Clarification of the problem
Definition of indoor map
Indoor maps as 2D or 3D
Indoor map symbology
Indoor map data
3D DATA MODELS | ||||
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IFC | CityGML v2 | IndoorGML | LAS | |
Primary Purpose | IFC is used to describe building and construction industry data. It facilitates interoperability among the architecture, engineering and construction industries. | CityGML is an application schema for Geography Markup Language v3.1.1. CityGML is used to reach a common definition of elements in a 3D city model. | Indoor GML is used to represent and allow for exchange of geoinformation requred to build and operate indoor navigation systems. | LAS is the standard file type for point clouds data. |
Supporting Organization | BuildingSMART | Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) | Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) | American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) |
Example of Software for Viewing | Revit for creating IFC files | CityGML SpiderViewer, QGIS, ArcGIS | FME | GIS or photogrammetry software i.e. ESRI or LAS Tools |
Description of Geometry | Each object such as wall, floor, window, door is associated with property ‘IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION,’ which contains the object’s geometry. | The geometry is represented in 5 levels of details (LOD0 - LOD4) | The geometry may be defined either by external reference, where the object is defined in another dataset (CityGML or IFC for example) and referenced in the IndoorGML file, or by explicit definition of space cell geometry as either a 3D solid or a 2D surface. | LAS files store data in tuples of x, y and z data with each tuple representing a point in space. The combination of many tuples in close proximity can create a 3D representation. |
Representation of Object Location | Multiple local spatial reference systems (SRS) can be defined for a file. The information to convert file into a real world spatial reference systems is included within the file. | An SRS is defined for the file and all the objects that use that reference system unless overruled by defining a local SRS for that particular object or a set of objects. | An SRS is defined and the information to convert to a real world reference system is included in the file. | An SRS for the points is defined in the file. |
2D DATA MODELS | |||||
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CAD (DXF) | KML | SHP | GeoJSON | OpenStreetMap | |
Primary Purpose | CAD can be used to represent 2D and 3D drawing design data and enable interchange between AutoCAD and other software. | This XML-based format is used to encode representations of geographic data for visualization in internet-based 2D web-browsers, mobile applications or Google Earth | SHP is used to store the location, shape and attributes of geographic features. | GeoJSON, based on JavaScript Object Notation, is used to represent simple geographical features, along with their non-spatial attributes. | OSM uses data stored in attributes to represent features such as doors, windows and walls. |
Supporting Organization | AutoDesk | OGC and Google | ESRI | Maintained not by a formal organization but by a working group of developers, the GeoJSON working group. | Hosted by many organizations around the world, including Univ College London, Bytemark, iWay (Switz), Yandex (Russia) |
Exampls of Software used for Viewing | AutoCAD, LibreCAD, ArchiCAD and many other types of CAD software | Google Earth | ESRI ArcGIS, QGIS and many other GIS softwares | GDAL, QGIS, SAFE FME, OpenLayers | Standard web browsers that are capable of reaching sites such as iD-indoor, OpenLevelUp or IndoorOSM or Vespucci |
Description of Geometry | The graphical objects are described as entities and represented by group codes in a DXF file. These entities include geometric objects such as points, lines, polylines, circles, solids and surfaces. | Geometries can be defined in KML using a tag-based structure. | Shapefiles can define 3 types of geometries: points, lines or polygons. Each feature has a set of associated attributes that describe the feature. | GeoJSON describes objects as one of Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon, or GeometryCollection. | OSM is defined with 3 types of data: nodes, ways and relations. These data types contain attribute information describing the feature each represents. |
Representation of Object Location | An SRS is defined for a file with respect to the center defined for the project. | All KML files use the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84). | An SRS is associated with the file. | An SRS is associated with the file. | OSM can use either WGS84 or Mercator. |
Categories of indoor map creation software | Software method (how building dimensions are determined) | Examples of software | Output format for indoor map data |
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2D scanning | Oversize scanner creates high resolution PDF | Shoreline records management | PDF or image file |
Floor plan drawing | Software includes many drawing and scaling tools that can be used to create a digital copy of a blueprint | SketchUp, Floorplanner Pro, SoftPlan, Visio, AutoCAD | SketchUp outputs in CAD, KMZ/KML, Image files, COLLADA, 3DS, or PDF |
General chart drawing | Software of this type includes few drawing tools that can be used to create a digital copy of a blueprint | LucidChart, ConceptDraw, Gliffy | LucidChart outputs map files in PDF, PNG, JPG, SVG (image or 2D vector formats) |
Auto-draw | User carries mobile device and walks around building interior, holding the device near walls to measure the distance. | Locometric, MagicPlan | Locometric outputs image files for no charge, but users can pay to get output in other formats. MagicPlan outputs maps in JPG, PDF, PNG, SVG, DFX or XML |
3D laser scanning | 3D laser scanners measure the amount of time it takes for the laser beam to hit a surface and return | InnerSpace, Trimble Indoor Mapping, or GeoSLAM, CARMEN | 3D point cloud (requires software to convert image to a map) |
Software as a service | Paper or raster file of a floor plan is sent to company to convert to a digital vector format | Indrz, Micello, Cartogram, NavVis | Different format depending upon vendor. Micello: GeoJSON, SHP, PNG, SVG; Navvis: Pointcloud |
Review of indoor map file formats and collections
Data interoperability problem in general terms
Research questions
Research approach and contributions
Overview of solutions
Overview of paper
Methods
Categories of software that require indoor map as input | Software method or purpose | Examples of software | Input format required for indoor map data |
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Emergency response | Navigation and asset management (finding people and things) | Preplan View, Firehouse, eFirstView, Blazemark, CadZone’s The Fire Zone, Squad Tracker | For Preplan View, use tools that come with the application to draw your own map |
Indoor navigation | Localization and navigation | IndoorAtlas, Neon Personnel Tracker, Infsoft, Accuware, Spreo, BriteYellow, MazeMap, MapWIZE | IndoorAtlas does not use an input image, it creates a map based on an algrothimNeon Personnel can import a floor plan, but can also create its own map.InfSoft, Accuware, Spreao, BriteYellow, MazeMap, and MapWIZE use floor plans in JPG, PNG or PDF |
Building management | Creation of data stream regarding indoor environment, such as temperature or air pressure | Siemens, WRLD | Siemens can use BIM data |
Localization, data management and analytics | Location or tracking of assets, and analytics on preferences of customers as taken by tracking customer foot patterns. | Jibestream, Navvis, Indoo.rs, Inner Space, MapsIndoors, Aisle411 | For example, Jibstream converts static maps of really any format into layered maps. Navvis and Indoo.rs maps it for you. Inner Space uses a sensor to make the map. |
Results: Patterns of use regarding indoor map data
Indoor map data formats
3D formats
2D formats
Georeferencing and interoperability
- Enter the building address into Google Maps to look up a centroid (or geometrical center) in the middle of the building, in what is called geocoding.
- Overlay or align the floor plan image with an existing map that has known coordinates.
- Align the floor plan outline with a satellite photo that has known coordinates.
- Walk around the building exterior with a GPS device to find coordinates of the building’s corners.