nach oben

Quantum Information Processing

Erschienen in:

01.11.2018

Quantum key distribution with quantum walks

verfasst von: Chrysoula Vlachou, Walter Krawec, Paulo Mateus, Nikola Paunković, André Souto

Erschienen in: Quantum Information Processing | Ausgabe 11/2018

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Quantum key distribution is one of the most fundamental cryptographic protocols. Quantum walks are important primitives for computing. In this paper, we take advantage of the properties of quantum walks to design new secure quantum key distribution schemes. In particular, we introduce a secure quantum key distribution protocol equipped with verification procedures against full man-in-the-middle attacks. Furthermore, we present a one-way protocol and prove its security. Finally, we propose a semi-quantum variation and prove its robustness against eavesdropping.

Vorheriger Artikel Quantum coherence as indicators of quantum phase transitions, factorization and thermal phase transitions in the anisotropic XY model

Nächster Artikel Practical aspects of terahertz wireless quantum key distribution in indoor environments

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Currently, there are three companies offering commercial QKD systems: ID Quantique (Geneva), MagiQ Technologies, Inc. (New York) and QuintessenceLabs (Australia).

Aharonov, D., Ambainis, A., Kempe, J., Vazirani, U.: Quantum walks on graphs. In: Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Theory of Computation (STOC ’01), pp. 50–59 (2001)

Aharonov, Y., Davidovich, L., Zagury, N.: Quantum random walks. Phys. Rev. A 48, 1687–1690 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.48.1687 ADSCrossRef

Ambainis, A.: Quantum walks and their algorithmic applications. Int. J. Quantum Inf. 01(04), 507–518 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219749903000383 CrossRefMATH

Ashwin, N., Ashvin, V.: Quantum walk on the line. Tech. Rep. arXiv:quant-ph/0010117 (2000)

Bae, J., Acín, A.: Key distillation from quantum channels using two-way communication protocols. Phys. Rev. A 75, 012,334 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.75.012334 CrossRef

Bavaresco, J., Herrera Valencia, N., Klckl, C., Pivoluska, M., Friis, N., Malik, M., Huber, M.: Two measurements are sufficient for certifying high-dimensional entanglement. arXiv:1709.07344 (2017)

Beaudry, N.J., Lucamarini, M., Mancini, S., Renner, R.: Security of two-way quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 88(6), 062,302 (2013)CrossRef

Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H., Tittel, W.: Quantum cryptography using larger alphabets. Phys. Rev. A 61, 062,308 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.61.062308 MathSciNetCrossRef

Bedington, R., Arrazola, J.M., Ling, A.: Progress in satellite quantum key distribution. Npj Quantum Inf. 3, 30 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-017-0031-5 ADSCrossRef

10.

Bennett, C., Brassard, G.: Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, pp. 175–179. IEEE Press, New York (1984)

11.

Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G., Mermin, N.D.: Quantum cryptography without bell’s theorem. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 557–559 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.557 ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATH

12.

Berta, M., Christandl, M., Colbeck, R., Renes, J.M., Renner, R.: The uncertainty principle in the presence of quantum memory. Nat. Phys. 6, 659–662 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1734 CrossRef

13.

Boyer, M., Gelles, R., Kenigsberg, D., Mor, T.: Semiquantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 79, 032,341 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.032341 MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

14.

Boyer, M., Kenigsberg, D., Mor, T.: Quantum key distribution with classical bob. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 140,501 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.140501 MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

15.

Brassard, G., Lütkenhaus, N., Mor, T., Sanders, B.: Security aspects of practical quantum cryptography. In: In Advances in Cryptology? EUROCRYPT’2000, pp. 289–299 (2000)CrossRef

16.

Broome, M.A., Fedrizzi, A., Lanyon, B.P., Kassal, I., Aspuru-Guzik, A., White, A.G.: Discrete single-photon quantum walks with tunable decoherence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 153,602 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.153602 CrossRef

17.

Brun, T.A., Carteret, H.A., Ambainis, A.: Quantum walks driven by many coins. Phys. Rev. A 67, 052,317 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.67.052317 MathSciNetCrossRef

18.

Bruss, D., Christandl, M., Ekert, A., Englert, B.G., Kaszlikowski, D., Macchiavello, C.: Tomographic quantum cryptography: equivalence of quantum and classical key distillation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 097,901 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.097901 CrossRef

19.

Cardano, F., Massa, F., Qassim, H., Karimi, E., Slussarenko, S., Paparo, D., de Lisio, C., Sciarrino, F., Santamato, E., Boyd, R.W., Marrucci, L.: Quantum walks and wavepacket dynamics on a lattice with twisted photons. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500,087 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500087 CrossRef

20.

Cerf, N.J., Bourennane, M., Karlsson, A., Gisin, N.: Security of quantum key distribution using d-level systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 127,902 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.127902 CrossRef

21.

Chau, H.F.: Unconditionally secure key distribution in higher dimensions by depolarization. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 51, 1451–1468 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2005.844076 MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

22.

Chau, H.F.: Quantum key distribution using qudits that each encode one bit of raw key. Phys. Rev. A 92, 062,324 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.92.062324 CrossRef

23.

Childs, A., Cleve, R., Deotto, E., Farhi, E., Gutmann, S., Spielman, D.: Exponential algorithmic speedup by a quantum walk. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC ’03, pp. 59–68. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2003)

24.

Childs, A.M.: Universal computation by quantum walk. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 180,501 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.180501 MathSciNetCrossRef

25.

Childs, A.M., Gosset, D., Webb, Z.: Universal computation by multiparticle quantum walk. Science 339(6121), 791–794 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1229957 ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATH

26.

Christandl, M., König, R., Renner, R.: Postselection technique for quantum channels with applications to quantum cryptography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 020,504 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.020504 CrossRef

27.

Curty, M., Guhne, O., Lewenstein, M., Lutkenhaus, N.: Detecting two-party quantum correlations in quantum-key-distribution protocols. Phys. Rev. A 71, 022,306 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.71.022306 CrossRef

28.

Curty, M., Lewenstein, M., Lutkenhaus, N.: Entanglement as a precondition for secure quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 217,903 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.217903 CrossRef

29.

Dada, A.C., Leach, J., Buller, G.S., Padgett, M.J., Andersson, E.: Experimental high-dimensional two-photon entanglement and violations of generalized bell inequalities. Nat. Phys. 7, 677–680 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys1996 CrossRef

30.

Devetak, I., Winter, A.: Distillation of secret key and entanglement from quantum states. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 461(2053), 207–235 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2004.1372 ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATH

31.

Diamanti, E., Lo, H.K., Qi, B., Yuan, Z.: Practical challenges in quantum key distribution. Npj Quantum Inf. 2, 16,025 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/npjqi.2016.25 CrossRef

32.

Dixon, A.R., Dynes, J.F., Lucamarini, M., Frhlich, B., Sharpe, A.W., Plews, A., Tam, W., Yuan, Z.L., Tanizawa, Y., Sato, H., Kawamura, S., Fujiwara, M., Sasaki, M., Shields, A.J.: Quantum key distribution with hacking countermeasures and long term field trial. Sci. Rep. 7, 1978 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01884-0 ADSCrossRef

33.

Ekert, A.K.: Quantum cryptography based on bell’s theorem. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 661–663 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.661 ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATH

34.

Elezov, M., Ozhegov, R., Kurochkin, Y., Goltsman, G., Makarov, V.: Countermeasures against blinding attack on superconducting nanowire detectors for QKD. EPJ Web Conf. 103, 10,002 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201510310002 CrossRef

35.

Erhard, M., Malik, M., Krenn, M., Zeilinger, A.: Experimental ghz entanglement beyond qubits. arXiv:1708.03881 (2017)

36.

Farhi, E., Gutmann, S.: Quantum computation and decision trees. Phys. Rev. A 58, 915–928 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.58.915 ADSMathSciNetCrossRef

37.

Gettrick, M., Miszczak, J.A.: Quantum walks with memory on cycles. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 399, 163–170 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.01.002 MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

38.

Gisin, N., Fasel, S., Kraus, B., Zbinden, H., Ribordy, G.: Trojan-horse attacks on quantum-key-distribution systems. Phys. Rev. A 73, 022,320 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.73.022320 CrossRef

39.

Goyal, S.K., Roux, F.S., Forbes, A., Konrad, T.: Implementing quantum walks using orbital angular momentum of classical light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 263,602 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.263602 CrossRef

40.

Goyal, S.K., Roux, F.S., Forbes, A., Konrad, T.: Implementation of multidimensional quantum walks using linear optics and classical light. Phys. Rev. A 92, 040,302 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.92.040302 MathSciNetCrossRef

41.

Harrington, J.W., Ettinger, J.M., Hughes, R.J., Nordholt, J.E.: Enhancing practical security of quantum key distribution with a few decoy states. arXiv:quant-ph/0503002 (2005)

42.

Hiesmayr, B.C., de Dood, M.J.A., Löffler, W.: Observation of four-photon orbital angular momentum entanglement. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 073,601 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.073601 CrossRef

43.

Hwang, W.Y.: Quantum key distribution with high loss: toward global secure communication. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 057,901 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.057901 CrossRef

44.

Islam, N.T., Cahall, C., Aragoneses, A., Lezama, A., Kim, J., Gauthier, D.J.: Robust and stable delay interferometers with application to \(d\)-dimensional time-frequency quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Appl. 7, 044,010 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.7.044010 CrossRef

45.

Jain, N., Stiller, B., Khan, I., Elser, D., Marquardt, C., Leuchs, G.: Attacks on practical quantum key distribution systems (and how to prevent them). Contemp. Phys. 57(3), 366–387 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2016.1148333 ADSCrossRef

46.

Jha, A.K., Malik, M., Boyd, R.W.: Exploring energy-time entanglement using geometric phase. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 180,405 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.180405 CrossRef

47.

Kempe, J.: Quantum random walks: an introductory overview. Contemp. Phys. 44(4), 307–327 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1080/00107151031000110776 ADSCrossRef

48.

Knight, P.L., Roldan, E., Sipe, J.E.: Quantum walk on the line as an interference phenomenon. Phys. Rev. A 68, 020,301 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.68.020301 CrossRef

49.

Krawec, W.O.: Restricted attacks on semi-quantum key distribution protocols. Quantum Inf. Process. 13(11), 2417–2436 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-014-0802-2 ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATH

50.

Krawec, W.O.: History dependent quantum walk on the cycle with an unbalanced coin. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 428, 319–331 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.02.061 ADSMathSciNetCrossRef

51.

Krawec, W.O.: Security proof of a semi-quantum key distribution protocol. In: 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), pp. 686–690. IEEE (2015)

52.

Krawec, W.O.: Quantum key distribution with mismatched measurements over arbitrary channels. arXiv:1608.07728 (2016)

53.

Krawec, W.O.: Security of a semi-quantum protocol where reflections contribute to the secret key. Quantum Inf. Process. 15(5), 2067–2090 (2016)ADSMathSciNetCrossRef

54.

Krenn, M., Huber, M., Fickler, R., Lapkiewicz, R., Ramelow, S., Zeilinger, A.: Generation and confirmation of a (\(100 \times 100\))-dimensional entangled quantum system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 6243–6247 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1402365111 ADSCrossRef

55.

Krenn, M., Malik, M., Fickler, R., Lapkiewicz, R., Zeilinger, A.: Automated search for new quantum experiments. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 090,405 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.090405 CrossRef

56.

Kurtsiefer, C., Zarda, P., Mayer, S., Weinfurter, H.: The breakdown flash of silicon avalanche photodiodes-back door for eavesdropper attacks? J. Mod. Opt. 48(13), 2039–2047 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340108240905 ADSCrossRef

57.

Lamas-Linares, A., Kurtsiefer, C.: Breaking a quantum key distribution system through a timing side channel. Opt. Express 15, 9388–9393 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.009388 ADSCrossRef

58.

Lavery, M.P.J., Robertson, D.J., Berkhout, G.C.G., Love, G.D., Padgett, M.J., Courtial, J.: Refractive elements for the measurement of the orbital angular momentum of a single photon. Opt. Express 20, 2110–2115 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.002110 ADSCrossRef

59.

Lee, M.S., Park, B.K., Woo, M.K., Park, C.H., Kim, Y.S., Han, S.W., Moon, S.: Countermeasure against blinding attacks on low-noise detectors with a background-noise-cancellation scheme. Phys. Rev. A 94, 062,321 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.94.062321 CrossRef

60.

Liu, Q., Lamas-Linares, A., Kurtsiefer, C., Skaar, J., Makarov, V., Gerhardt, I.: A universal setup for active control of a single-photon detector. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85(1), 013,108 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4854615 CrossRef

61.

Lizama-Prez, L.A., Lpez, J.M., De Carlos Lpez, E.: Quantum key distribution in the presence of the intercept-resend with faked states attack. Entropy 19(1), 4 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/e19010004 ADSCrossRef

62.

Lo, H.K., Chau, H.: Unconditional security of quantum key distribution over arbitrarily long distances. Science 283(5410), 2050–2056 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5410.2050. Please check and confirm the inserted publication year is correct for the references [61, 68]ADSCrossRef

63.

Lo, H.K., Chau, H.F., Ardehali, M.: Efficient quantum key distribution scheme and a proof of its unconditional security. J. Cryptol. 18(2), 133–165 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00145-004-0142-y MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

64.

Lo, H.K., Ma, X., Chen, K.: Decoy state quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230,504 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.230504 CrossRef

65.

Lovett, N.B., Cooper, S., Everitt, M., Trevers, M., Kendon, V.: Universal quantum computation using the discrete-time quantum walk. Phys. Rev. A 81, 042,330 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.81.042330 MathSciNetCrossRef

66.

Lu, H., Fung, C.H.F., Ma, X., Cai, Q.Y.: Unconditional security proof of a deterministic quantum key distribution with a two-way quantum channel. Phys. Rev. A 84, 042,344 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.84.042344 CrossRef

67.

Lucamarini, M., Choi, I., Ward, M.B., Dynes, J.F., Yuan, Z.L., Shields, A.J.: Practical security bounds against the trojan-horse attack in quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. X 5, 031,030 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.031030 CrossRef

68.

Lucamarini, M., Dynes, J.F., Frohlich, B., Yuan, Z., Shields, A.J.: Security bounds for efficient decoy-state quantum key distribution. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 21(3), 1–8 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2015.2394774 CrossRef

69.

Lutkenhaus, N.: Security against individual attacks for realistic quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 61, 052,304 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.61.052304 CrossRef

70.

Lutkenhaus, N., Jahma, M.: Quantum key distribution with realistic states: photon-number statistics in the photon-number splitting attack. New J. Phys. 4(1), 44 (2002)ADSCrossRef

71.

Lydersen, L., Wiechers, C., Wittmann, C., Elser, D., Skaar, J., Makarov, V.: Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination. Nat. Photon. 4, 686 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.214 ADSCrossRef

72.

Ma, X., Qi, B., Zhao, Y., Lo, H.K.: Practical decoy state for quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 72, 012,326 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.72.012326 CrossRef

73.

Makarov, V., Anisimov, A., Skaar, J.: Effects of detector efficiency mismatch on security of quantum cryptosystems. Phys. Rev. A 74, 022,313 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.74.022313 CrossRef

74.

Malik, M., Erhard, M., Huber, M., Krenn, M., Fickler, R., Zeilinger, A.: Multi-photon entanglement in high dimensions. Nat. Photon. 10, 248–252 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.12 ADSCrossRef

75.

Manouchehri, K., Wang, J.: Physical Implementation of Quantum Walks. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated, New York (2013)MATH

76.

Martin, A., Guerreiro, T., Tiranov, A., Designolle, S., Frowis, F., Brunner, N., Huber, M., Gisin, N.: Quantifying photonic high-dimensional entanglement. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 110,501 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.110501 CrossRef

77.

McGettrick, M.: One dimensional quantum walks with memory. Quantum Inf. Comput. 10(5), 509–524 (2010)MathSciNetMATH

78.

Mirhosseini, M., Malik, M., Shi, Z., Boyd, R.W.: Efficient separation of the orbital angular momentum eigenstates of light. Nat. Commun. 4, 2781 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3781 ADSCrossRef

79.

Nikolopoulos, G.: Applications of single-qubit rotations in quantum public-key cryptography. Phys. Rev. A 77, 032,348 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.77.032348 MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

80.

Nikolopoulos, G.M., Alber, G.: Security bound of two-basis quantum-key-distribution protocols using qudits. Phys. Rev. A 72, 032,320 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.72.032320 CrossRef

81.

Nikolopoulos, G.M., Ranade, K.S., Alber, G.: Error tolerance of two-basis quantum-key-distribution protocols using qudits and two-way classical communication. Phys. Rev. A 73, 032,325 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.73.032325 CrossRef

82.

Portugal, R.: Quantum Walks and Search Algorithms. Quantum Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6336-8 CrossRefMATH

83.

Pugh, C.J., Kaiser, S., Bourgoin, J.P., Jin, J., Sultana, N., Agne, S., Anisimova, E., Makarov, V., Choi, E., Higgins, B.L., Jennewein, T.: Airborne demonstration of a quantum key distribution receiver payload. Quantum Sci. Technol. 2, 024,009 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/aa701f CrossRef

84.

Qi, B., Fung, C.H.F., Lo, H.K., Ma, X.: Time-shift attack in practical quantum cryptosystems. Quantum Inf. Comput. 7, 73–82 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.031030 MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

85.

Quantique, I.: Quantum key distribution record (2017). https://www.idquantique.com/clavis3-quantum-key-distribution-platform/. Accessed 12 Sept 2018

86.

Renner, R.: Symmetry of large physical systems implies independence of subsystems. Nat. Phys. 3, 645–649 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys684 CrossRef

87.

Renner, R., Gisin, N., Kraus, B.: Information-theoretic security proof for quantum-key-distribution protocols. Phys. Rev. A 72, 012,332 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.72.012332 CrossRef

88.

Rohde, P.P., Brennen, G.K., Gilchrist, A.: Quantum walks with memory provided by recycled coins and a memory of the coin-flip history. Phys. Rev. A 87, 052,302 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.87.052302 CrossRef

89.

Rohde, P.P., Fitzsimons, J.F., Gilchrist, A.: Quantum walks with encrypted data. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(15), 150,501 (2012)CrossRef

90.

Roldan, E., Soriano, J.C.: Optical implementability of the two-dimensional quantum walk. J. Mod. Opt. 52, 2649–2657 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340500309873 ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATH

91.

Rosenberg, D., Peterson, C.G., Harrington, J.W., Rice, P.R., Dallmann, N., Tyagi, K.T., McCabe, K.P., Nam, S., Baek, B., Hadfield, R.H., Hughes, R.J., Nordholt, J.E.: Practical long-distance quantum key distribution system using decoy levels. New J. Phys. 11(4), 045,009 (2009)CrossRef

92.

Sajeed, S., Minshull, C., Jain, N., Makarov, V.: Invisible Trojan-horse attack. Sci. Rep. 7, 8403 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08279-1 ADSCrossRef

93.

Sansoni, L., Sciarrino, F., Vallone, G., Mataloni, P., Crespi, A., Ramponi, R., Osellame, R.: Two-particle bosonic-fermionic quantum walk via integrated photonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 010,502 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.010502 CrossRef

94.

Santha, M.: Quantum walk based search algorithms. In: Agrawal, M., Du, D., Duan, Z., Li, A. (eds.) Theory and Applications of Models of Computation, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4978, pp. 31–46. Springer, Berlin (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79228-4-3 CrossRef

95.

Scarani, V., Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H., Cerf, N., Dušek, M., Lutkenhaus, N., Peev, M.: The security of practical quantum key distribution. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1301–1350 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1301 ADSCrossRef

96.

Scarani, V., Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H., Cerf, N.J., Dušek, M., Lütkenhaus, N., Peev, M.: The security of practical quantum key distribution. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1301–1350 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1301 ADSCrossRef

97.

Schreiber, A., Cassemiro, K.N., Potocek, V., Gabris, A., Mosley, P.J., Andersson, E., Jex, I., Silberhorn, C.: Photons walking the line: a quantum walk with adjustable coin operations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 050,502 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.050502 CrossRef

98.

Schreiber, A., Gabris, A., Rohde, P.P., Laiho, K., Stefanak, M., Potocek, V., Hamilton, C., Jex, I., Silberhorn, C.: A 2D quantum walk simulation of two-particle dynamics. Science 336, 55–58 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218448 ADSCrossRef

99.

Seyfarth, U., Nikolopoulos, G., Alber, G.: Symmetries and security of a quantum-public-key encryption based on single-qubit rotations. Phys. Rev. A 85(2), 022,342 (2012)CrossRef

100.

Sheridan, L., Scarani, V.: Security proof for quantum key distribution using qudit systems. Phys. Rev. A 82, 030,301 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.82.030301 CrossRef

101.

Stipcević, M.: Preventing detector blinding attack and other random number generator attacks on quantum cryptography by use of an explicit random number generator. arXiv:1403.0143 (2014)

102.

Takesue, H., Sasaki, T., Tamaki, K., Koashi, M.: Experimental quantum key distribution without monitoring signal disturbance. Nat. Photon. 9, 827–831 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.173 ADSCrossRef

103.

Ursin, R., Tiefenbacher, F., Schmitt-Manderbach, T., Weier, H., Scheidl, T., Lindenthal, M., Blauensteiner, B., Jennewein, T., Perdigues, J., Trojek, P., Omer, B., Furst, M., Meyenburg, M., Rarity, J., Sodnik, Z., Barbieri, C., Weinfurter, H., Zeilinger, A.: Entanglement-based quantum communication over 144 km. Nat. Phys. 3, 481–486 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys629 CrossRef

104.

Vakhitov, A., Makarov, V., Hjelme, D.R.: Large pulse attack as a method of conventional optical eavesdropping in quantum cryptography. J. Mod. Opt. 48(13), 2023–2038 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340108240904 ADSCrossRefMATH

105.

Venegas-Andraca, S.E.: Quantum walks: a comprehensive review. Quantum Inf. Process. 11(5), 1015–1106 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-012-0432-5 MathSciNetCrossRefMATH

106.

Vlachou, C., Rodrigues, J., Mateus, P., Paunković, N., Souto, A.: Quantum walk public-key cryptographic system. Int. J. Quantum Inf. 13(07), 1550,050 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef

107.

Wang, F., Erhard, M., Babazadeh, A., Malik, M., Krenn, M., Zeilinger, A.: Generation of the complete four-dimensional bell basis. Optica 4, 1462–1467 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.001462 CrossRef

108.

Wang, J., Wang, H., Qin, X., Wei, Z., Zhang, Z.: The countermeasures against the blinding attack in quantum key distribution. Eur. Phys. J. D 70(1), 5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2015-60469-8 ADSCrossRef

109.

Wang, Q., Wang, X.B., Bjrk, G., Karlsson, A.: Improved practical decoy state method in quantum key distribution with parametric down-conversion source. EPL Europhys. Lett. 79(4), 40,001 (2007)MathSciNetCrossRef

110.

Wang, X.B.: Beating the photon-number-splitting attack in practical quantum cryptography. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230,503 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.230503 CrossRef

111.

Wang, X.B.: Decoy-state protocol for quantum cryptography with four different intensities of coherent light. Phys. Rev. A 72, 012,322 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.72.012322 CrossRef

112.

Wiechers, C., Lydersen, L., Wittmann, C., Elser, D., Skaar, J., Marquardt, C., Makarov, V., Leuchs, G.: After-gate attack on a quantum cryptosystem. New J. Phys. 13(1), 013043 (2011)ADSCrossRef

113.

Woodhead, E., Pironio, S.: Secrecy in prepare-and-measure clauser-horne-shimony-holt tests with a qubit bound. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 150,501 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.150501 CrossRef

114.

Xu, G., Chen, X.B., Dou, Z., Yang, Y.X., Li, Z.: A novel protocol for multiparty quantum key management. Quantum Inf. Process. 14(8), 2959–2980 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-015-1021-1 ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATH

115.

Yao, A.C.: How to generate and exchange secrets. In: 27th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1986., pp. 162–167. IEEE (1986)

116.

Yin, J., Cao, Y., Li, Y.H., Liao, S.K., Zhang, L., Ren, J.G., Cai, W.Q., Liu, W.Y., Li, B., Dai, H., Li, G.B., Lu, Q.M., Gong, Y.H., Xu, Y., Li, S.L., Li, F.Z., Yin, Y.Y., Jiang, Z.Q., Li, M., Jia, J.J., Ren, G., He, D., Zhou, Y.L., Zhang, X.X., Wang, N., Chang, X., Zhu, Z.C., Liu, N.L., Chen, Y.A., Lu, C.Y., Shu, R., Peng, C.Z., Wang, J.Y., Pan, J.W.: Satellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers. Science 356, 1140–1144 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan3211 CrossRef

117.

Zhang, W., Qiu, D., Mateus, P.: Security of a single-state semi-quantum key distribution protocol. arXiv:1612.03170 (2016)

118.

Zhao, Y., Fung, C.H.F., Qi, B., Chen, C., Lo, H.K.: Quantum hacking: experimental demonstration of time-shift attack against practical quantum-key-distribution systems. Phys. Rev. A 78, 042,333 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.78.042333 CrossRef

119.

Zou, X., Qiu, D., Li, L., Wu, L., Li, L.: Semiquantum-key distribution using less than four quantum states. Phys. Rev. A 79, 052,312 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.79.052312 CrossRef

Titel: Quantum key distribution with quantum walks
verfasst von: Chrysoula Vlachou
Walter Krawec
Paulo Mateus
Nikola Paunković
André Souto
Publikationsdatum: 01.11.2018
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Quantum Information Processing / Ausgabe 11/2018
Print ISSN: 1570-0755
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-1332
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-018-2055-y

Neuer Inhalt

Bildnachweise

VDI-Icon, Profil Icon, inhalt2, Springer Professional Modul/© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Nachhaltigkeitsaward Key Visual/© Cometis AG/Global ESG Monitor | Daniel Rupp | Generiert mit KI, Search Icon, Banner Hanser, Jonas Klose/© Pine Valley Capital GmbH, Carina Kießling von der Strategieberatung Roland Berger/© Monika Walther Fotografie | ATZ, Beijing Auto Show 2024: Deutsche Hersteller wollen angreifen./© EKH-Pictures / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, Zeitschrift Wissensmanagement Cover, PatentFit-Logo/© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Zukunftswerkstatt Sales Excellence 2024/© AndreyPopov / Getty Images / iStock, 2023_Antrieb/© supervisuell, ATZ-Webinar: Prototypenfreie Entwicklung durch Offline- und Driver-in-the-Loop-HiL-Tests /© (c) VI-grade

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2018

Herring–Flicker coupling and thermal quantum correlations in bipartite system

Demonstration of multiparty quantum clock synchronization

Verifiable threshold quantum secret sharing with sequential communication

Coherence, detectability and correlation in the generalized Coleman–Hepp model

Nonlinear dynamics of continuous-variable quantum games with bounded rationality

X states of the same spectrum and entanglement as all two-qubit states

Neuer Inhalt

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.