Skip to main content

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Racism and the Affordances of the Internet

verfasst von : Andrew Jakubowicz, Kevin Dunn, Gail Mason, Yin Paradies, Ana-Maria Bliuc, Nasya Bahfen, Andre Oboler, Rosalie Atie, Karen Connelly

Erschienen in: Cyber Racism and Community Resilience

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter shows how the Internet has become a dangerous place for encounters with racism. It analyses how racists behave online, recognising that not all racism has been constructed by people with overt racist agendas or a conscious sense of antipathy to other races or ethnic groups. It also identifies a range of elements that constitute racist behaviour online and examines situations where racism is experienced by targets, though perpetrators may dispute that they are racist.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Awan, I. (2016). Islamophobia on Social Media: A Qualitative Analysis of the Facebook’s Walls of Hate. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 10(1), 1-20. Awan, I. (2016). Islamophobia on Social Media: A Qualitative Analysis of the Facebook’s Walls of Hate. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 10(1), 1-20.
Zurück zum Zitat Back, L. (2002). Aryans Reading Adorno: Cyber-Culture and Twenty-First-Century Racism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(4), 628–651.CrossRef Back, L. (2002). Aryans Reading Adorno: Cyber-Culture and Twenty-First-Century Racism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(4), 628–651.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bliuc, A.-M., McGarty, C., Hartley, L., & Muntele Hendres, D. (2011). Manipulating National Identity: The Strategic Use of Rhetoric by Supporters and Opponents of the ‘Cronulla Riots’ in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.600768. Accessed 14 Mar 2017. Bliuc, A.-M., McGarty, C., Hartley, L., & Muntele Hendres, D. (2011). Manipulating National Identity: The Strategic Use of Rhetoric by Supporters and Opponents of the ‘Cronulla Riots’ in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies. doi:10.​1080/​01419870.​2011.​600768. Accessed 14 Mar 2017.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouma, G. D. (1997). The Settlement of Islam in Australia. Social Compass, 44(March), 71–82.CrossRef Bouma, G. D. (1997). The Settlement of Islam in Australia. Social Compass, 44(March), 71–82.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Buckels, E., Trapnell, P., & Paulhus, D. (2014). Trolls Just Want to Have Fun. Personality and Individual Difference, 67(September), 97–102.CrossRef Buckels, E., Trapnell, P., & Paulhus, D. (2014). Trolls Just Want to Have Fun. Personality and Individual Difference, 67(September), 97–102.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chansanchai, A. (2011). UCLA Student’s ‘Asians’ Rant Ignites YouTube Responses. Today. Accessed 25 Feb 2017. Chansanchai, A. (2011). UCLA Student’s ‘Asians’ Rant Ignites YouTube Responses. Today. Accessed 25 Feb 2017.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen-Almagor, R. (2013). Freedom of Expression v. Social Responsibility: Holocaust Denial in Canada. Journal of Mass Media, 28(1), 42–56. Cohen-Almagor, R. (2013). Freedom of Expression v. Social Responsibility: Holocaust Denial in Canada. Journal of Mass Media, 28(1), 42–56.
Zurück zum Zitat Curran, J. (2012). Reinterpreting the Internet. In J. Curran, N. Fenton, & D. Freedman (Eds.), Misunderstanding the Internet (pp. 3–33). London: Routledge. Curran, J. (2012). Reinterpreting the Internet. In J. Curran, N. Fenton, & D. Freedman (Eds.), Misunderstanding the Internet (pp. 3–33). London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Dickter, C. L., Kittel, J. A., & Gyurovski, I. I. (2012). Perceptions of Non-Target Confronters in Response to Racist and Heterosexist Remarks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 112–119.CrossRef Dickter, C. L., Kittel, J. A., & Gyurovski, I. I. (2012). Perceptions of Non-Target Confronters in Response to Racist and Heterosexist Remarks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 112–119.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2015). Modern Discrimination: How Perpetrators and Targets Interactively Perpetuate Social Disadvantage. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 142–146.CrossRef Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2015). Modern Discrimination: How Perpetrators and Targets Interactively Perpetuate Social Disadvantage. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 142–146.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Feigin, J. (2014). Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. Feigin, J. (2014). Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Furnham, A., Richards, S., & Paulhus, D. (2013). The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199–216.CrossRef Furnham, A., Richards, S., & Paulhus, D. (2013). The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199–216.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gelber, K., & McNamara, L. (2013). Freedom of Speech and Racial Vilification in Australia: ‘The Bolt case’ in Public Discourse. Australian Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 470–484.CrossRef Gelber, K., & McNamara, L. (2013). Freedom of Speech and Racial Vilification in Australia: ‘The Bolt case’ in Public Discourse. Australian Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 470–484.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hagemeister, M. (2008). The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: Between History and Fiction. New German Critique, 35(1), 83–95.CrossRef Hagemeister, M. (2008). The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: Between History and Fiction. New German Critique, 35(1), 83–95.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hine, G. E., Onaolapo, J., De Cristofaro, E., Kourtellis, N., Leontiadis, I., Samaras, R., Stringhini, G., & Blackburn, J. (2016). A Longitudinal Measurement Study of 4chan’s Politically Incorrect Forum and Its Effect on the Web (version 3). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1610.03452v3.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017. Hine, G. E., Onaolapo, J., De Cristofaro, E., Kourtellis, N., Leontiadis, I., Samaras, R., Stringhini, G., & Blackburn, J. (2016). A Longitudinal Measurement Study of 4chan’s Politically Incorrect Forum and Its Effect on the Web (version 3). https://​arxiv.​org/​pdf/​1610.​03452v3.​pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2017.
Zurück zum Zitat Holt, D., Callander, M., & Newman, C. E. (2016). ‘Not Everyone’s Gonna Like Me’: Accounting for Race and Racism in Sex and Dating Web Services for Gay and Bisexual Men. Ethnicities, 16(1), 3-21. Holt, D., Callander, M., & Newman, C. E. (2016). ‘Not Everyone’s Gonna Like Me’: Accounting for Race and Racism in Sex and Dating Web Services for Gay and Bisexual Men. Ethnicities, 16(1), 3-21.
Zurück zum Zitat Humphrey, M. (1987). Community, Mosque and Ethnic Politics. Journal of Sociology, 23, 233–245.CrossRef Humphrey, M. (1987). Community, Mosque and Ethnic Politics. Journal of Sociology, 23, 233–245.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jakubowicz, A. (1990). Racism, Racist Violence, and the Media. Quoted in HREOC Report Racist Violence 1991. Sydney: Unpublished Paper Commissioned by the National Inquiry into Racist Violence. Jakubowicz, A. (1990). Racism, Racist Violence, and the Media. Quoted in HREOC Report Racist Violence 1991. Sydney: Unpublished Paper Commissioned by the National Inquiry into Racist Violence.
Zurück zum Zitat Jakubowicz, A. (1997). In Pursuit of the Anabranches: Immigration, Multiculturalism and a Culturally Diverse Australia. In G. Gray & C. Winter (Eds.), The Resurgence of Racism; Howard, Hanson and the Race Debate, Monash Publications in History. Clayton: Department of History, Monash University. Jakubowicz, A. (1997). In Pursuit of the Anabranches: Immigration, Multiculturalism and a Culturally Diverse Australia. In G. Gray & C. Winter (Eds.), The Resurgence of Racism; Howard, Hanson and the Race Debate, Monash Publications in History. Clayton: Department of History, Monash University.
Zurück zum Zitat Jakubowicz, A. (2007). Political Islam and the Future of Australian Multiculturalism. National Identities, 9(3), 265–280.CrossRef Jakubowicz, A. (2007). Political Islam and the Future of Australian Multiculturalism. National Identities, 9(3), 265–280.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jakubowicz, A. (2013). Comparing Australian Multiculturalism: The International Dimension. In A. Jakubowicz & C. Ho (Eds.), ‘For Those Who’ve Come Across the Seas…’: Australian Multicultural Theory Policy and Practice (pp. 15–30). Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Press. Jakubowicz, A. (2013). Comparing Australian Multiculturalism: The International Dimension. In A. Jakubowicz & C. Ho (Eds.), ‘For Those Who’ve Come Across the Seas…’: Australian Multicultural Theory Policy and Practice (pp. 15–30). Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Jakubowicz, A. (2016b). Once Upon a Time in … Ethnocratic Australia: Migration, Refugees, Diversity and Contested Discourses of Inclusion and Exclusion. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(3), 5239. Jakubowicz, A. (2016b). Once Upon a Time in … Ethnocratic Australia: Migration, Refugees, Diversity and Contested Discourses of Inclusion and Exclusion. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(3), 5239.
Zurück zum Zitat Jupp, J. (2002). From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration. New York Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Jupp, J. (2002). From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration. New York Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kahn, K. B., Barreto, M., Kaiser, C. R., & Rego, M. S. (2016). When Do High and Low Status Group Members Support Confrontation? The Role of Perceived Pervasiveness of Prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(1), 27–43.CrossRef Kahn, K. B., Barreto, M., Kaiser, C. R., & Rego, M. S. (2016). When Do High and Low Status Group Members Support Confrontation? The Role of Perceived Pervasiveness of Prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(1), 27–43.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Klein, A. (2017). Fanaticism, Racism and Rage Online: Corrupting the Digital Sphere. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Klein, A. (2017). Fanaticism, Racism and Rage Online: Corrupting the Digital Sphere. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Langfield, M. (2009). Indigenous People are Not Multicultrual Minorities’: Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights in Australia. In M. Langfield, W. Logan, & M. Craith (Eds.), Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge. Langfield, M. (2009). Indigenous People are Not Multicultrual Minorities’: Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights in Australia. In M. Langfield, W. Logan, & M. Craith (Eds.), Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis, K. (2013). The Limits of Racial Prejudice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(47), 18814–18819.CrossRef Lewis, K. (2013). The Limits of Racial Prejudice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(47), 18814–18819.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nadal, K. (2011). The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): Construction, Reliability, and Validity. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 58(4), 470–480.CrossRef Nadal, K. (2011). The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS): Construction, Reliability, and Validity. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 58(4), 470–480.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson, J., Dunn, K., & Paradies, Y. (2011). Bystander Anti-Racism: A Review of the Literature. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 11(1), 263–284.CrossRef Nelson, J., Dunn, K., & Paradies, Y. (2011). Bystander Anti-Racism: A Review of the Literature. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 11(1), 263–284.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nevin, A. (2015). Cyber-Psychopathy: Examining the Relationship Between Dark E-Personality and Online Misconduct (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository). University of Western Ontario, MA. Nevin, A. (2015). Cyber-Psychopathy: Examining the Relationship Between Dark E-Personality and Online Misconduct (Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository). University of Western Ontario, MA.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicas, J. (2017). Google’s YouTube Has Continued Showing Brands’ Ads With Racist and Other Objectionable Videos: PepsiCo, Wal-Mart, Dish Network Say They are Suspending Google Non-Search Ads. The Wall Street Journal. Accessed 25 Mar 2017. Nicas, J. (2017). Google’s YouTube Has Continued Showing Brands’ Ads With Racist and Other Objectionable Videos: PepsiCo, Wal-Mart, Dish Network Say They are Suspending Google Non-Search Ads. The Wall Street Journal. Accessed 25 Mar 2017.
Zurück zum Zitat Pat Eatock v. Andrew Bolt and The Herald and Weekly Times Pty Ltd (ACN 004 113 937) (Eatock v. Bolt [2011] FCA 1103). Pat Eatock v. Andrew Bolt and The Herald and Weekly Times Pty Ltd (ACN 004 113 937) (Eatock v. Bolt [2011] FCA 1103).
Zurück zum Zitat Paul, J., Ayala, G., & Choi, K.-H. (2010). Internet Sex Ads for MSM and Partner Selection Criteria: The Potency of Race/Ethnicity Online. The Journal of Sex Research, 47(6), 528-38. Paul, J., Ayala, G., & Choi, K.-H. (2010). Internet Sex Ads for MSM and Partner Selection Criteria: The Potency of Race/Ethnicity Online. The Journal of Sex Research, 47(6), 528-38.
Zurück zum Zitat Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of Personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563. Accessed 21 Feb 2017.CrossRef Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of Personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563. Accessed 21 Feb 2017.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips, W. (2015). This Is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Phillips, W. (2015). This Is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Racial Hatred Act. 1995. No.101 (An Act to Prohibit Certain Conduct Involving the Hatred of Other People on the Ground of Race, Colour or National or Ethnic Origin, and for Related Purposes). Racial Hatred Act. 1995. No.101 (An Act to Prohibit Certain Conduct Involving the Hatred of Other People on the Ground of Race, Colour or National or Ethnic Origin, and for Related Purposes).
Zurück zum Zitat Stein, J. (2016, August 18/September 12). How Trolls Are Ruining the Internet. Time. Accessed 21 Feb 2017. Stein, J. (2016, August 18/September 12). How Trolls Are Ruining the Internet. Time. Accessed 21 Feb 2017.
Zurück zum Zitat Tavan, G. (2004). The Dismantling of the White Australia Policy: Elite Conspiracy or Will of the Australian People? Australian Journal of Political Science, 39(1), 109–125.CrossRef Tavan, G. (2004). The Dismantling of the White Australia Policy: Elite Conspiracy or Will of the Australian People? Australian Journal of Political Science, 39(1), 109–125.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. (2013, September 26). General Comment 35—Combating Racist Hate Speech. UN Doc: CERD/C/GC/35, (Para. 13). UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. (2013, September 26). General Comment 35—Combating Racist Hate Speech. UN Doc: CERD/C/GC/35, (Para. 13).
Zurück zum Zitat Zuckerberg, M. (2015, December 10). I Want to Add My Voice in Support of Muslims in Our Community and Around the World. Facebook. Accessed 17 Apr 2017. Zuckerberg, M. (2015, December 10). I Want to Add My Voice in Support of Muslims in Our Community and Around the World. Facebook. Accessed 17 Apr 2017.
Metadaten
Titel
Racism and the Affordances of the Internet
verfasst von
Andrew Jakubowicz
Kevin Dunn
Gail Mason
Yin Paradies
Ana-Maria Bliuc
Nasya Bahfen
Andre Oboler
Rosalie Atie
Karen Connelly
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64388-5_4

Premium Partner