nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Radiocarbon in the Oceans

verfasst von : E. R. M. Druffel, S. R. Beaupré, L. A. Ziolkowski

Erschienen in: Radiocarbon and Climate Change

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter reviews how radiocarbon (¹⁴C) in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) has been used to determine the cycling time of water within the world ocean, and how ¹⁴C in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is being used to reveal the sources and cycling of this largest organic carbon pool in the ocean. In addition, recent studies that reveal the concentration and ¹⁴C values of black carbon in DOC in the oceans are presented.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere

Nächstes Kapitel Radiocarbon in Terrestrial Systems

Bacon, M.P., and R.F. Anderson. 1982. Distribution of thorium isotopes between dissolved and particulate forms in the deep-sea. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans and Atmospheres 87: 2045–2056.CrossRef

Bauer, J.E. 2002. Carbon isotopic composition of DOM. In Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, ed. D.A. Hansell, and C.A. Carlson, 59–90. San Diego: Academic Press.

Bauer, J.E., P.M. Williams, and E.R.M. Druffel. 1992. C-14 activity of dissolved organic-carbon fractions in the north-central Pacific and Sargasso Sea. Nature 357: 667–670.CrossRef

Bauer, J.E., C.E. Reimers, E.R.M. Druffel, and P.M. Williams. 1995. Isotopic constraints on carbon exchange between deep-ocean sediments and seawater. Nature 373: 686–689.CrossRef

Bauer, J.E., E.R.M. Druffel, D.M. Wolgast, and S. Griffin. 2001. Sources and cycling of dissolved and particulate organic radiocarbon in the northwest Atlantic continental margin. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15: 615–636.CrossRef

Beaupre, S.R., and L. Aluwihare. 2010. Constraining the 2-component model of marine dissolved organic radiocarbon. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 57: 1494–1503.CrossRef

Beaupre, S.R., and E.R.M. Druffel. 2009. Constraining the propagation of bomb-radiocarbon through the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers 56: 1717–1726.CrossRef

Benner, R. 2002. Chemical composition and reactivity. In Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, ed. D.A. Hansell, and C.A. Carlson, 59–90. San Diego: Academic Press.CrossRef

Benner, R., J.D. Pakulski, M. McCarthy, J.I. Hedges, and P.G. Hatcher. 1992. Bulk chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Science 255: 1561–1564.CrossRef

Berner, R.A. 1982. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modern ocean—its geochemical and environmental significance. American Journal of Science 282: 451–473.CrossRef

Bien, G.S., N.W. Rakestraw., and H.E. Suess. 1963. Radiocarbon dating of deep water of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. International Atomic Energy Agency.

Broecker, W.S. 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography 4: 79–89.CrossRef

Broecker, W., R. Gerard, M. Ewing, and B.C. Heezen. 1960. Natural radiocarbon in the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 65: 2903–2931.CrossRef

Broecker, W.S., and T.-H. Peng. 1982. Tracers in the Sea. Palisades, New York: Eldigio Press.

Broecker, W.S., D.M. Peteet, and D. Rind. 1985. Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? Nature 315: 21–26.CrossRef

Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland, W. Smethie, T.H. Peng, and G. Ostlund. 1995. Oceanic radiocarbon—separation of the natural and bomb components. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9: 263–288.CrossRef

Burdige, D.J. 2002. Sediment pore waters. In Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter, ed. D.A. Hansell, and C.A. Carlson, 612–652. Amsterdam/Boston: Academic Press.

Cauwet, G. 2002. DOM in the coastal zone. In Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter, ed. C.A. Carlson, and D.A. Hansell, 579–609. Amsterdam/Boston: Academic Press.CrossRef

Coppola, A.I., L.A. Ziolkowski, C.A. Masiello, and E.A. Druffel. 2014. Aged black carbon in marine sediments and sinking particles. Geophysical Research Letters 41: 2427–2433.CrossRef

Curry, R., B. Dickson, and I. Yashayaev. 2003. A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature 426: 826–829.CrossRef

Dickens, A.F., Y. Gelinas, C.A. Masiello, S. Wakeham, and J.I. Hedges. 2004. Reburial of fossil organic carbon in marine sediments. Nature 427: 336–339.CrossRef

Dickson, B., I. Yashayaev, J. Meincke, B. Turrell, S. Dye, and J. Holfort. 2002. Rapid freshening of the deep north Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature 416: 832–837.CrossRef

Druffel, E.M. 1981. Radiocarbon in annual coral rings from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 8: 59–62.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R. 1987. Bomb radiocarbon in the Pacific: Annual and seasonal timescale variations. Journal of Marine Research 45: 667–698.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R.M. 1997. Pulses of rapid ventilation in the north Atlantic surface ocean during the past century. Science 275: 1454–1457.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R.M., and J.E. Bauer. 2000. Radiocarbon distributions in Southern Ocean dissolved and particulate organic matter. Geophysical Research Letters 27: 1495–1498.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R.M., and S. Griffin 1995. Regional variability of surface ocean radiocarbon from Southern Great Barrier Reef corals. Radiocarbon 37: 517–524.

Druffel, E.R.M., and S. Griffin. 2008. Daily variability of dissolved inorganic radiocarbon at three sites in the surface ocean. Marine Chemistry 110: 185–189.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R.M., and P.M. Williams. 1990. Identification of a deep marine source of particulate organic carbon using bomb ¹⁴C. Nature 347: 172–174.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R.M., P.M. Williams, J.E. Bauer, and J.R. Ertel. 1992. Cycling of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the open ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 97: 15639–15659.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R.M., J.E. Bauer, P.M. Williams, S. Griffin, and D. Wolgast. 1996. Seasonal variability of particulate organic radiocarbon in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: 20543–20552.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R.M., S. Griffin, J.E. Bauer, D.M. Wolgast, and X.-C. Wang. 1998. Distribution of particulate organic carbon and radiocarbon in the water column from the upper slope to the abyssal NE Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II—Topical Studies in Oceanography 45: 667–687.CrossRef

Druffel, E.R.M., S. Beaupre, S. Griffin, and J. Hwang. 2010. Variability of dissolved inorganic radiocarbon at a surface site in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Radiocarbon 52: 1150–1157.

Duursma, E.K. 1961. Dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous in the sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 1: 1–141.CrossRef

Elmquist, M., I. Semiletov, L.D. Guo, and O. Gustafsson. 2008. Pan-Arctic patterns in black carbon sources and fluvial discharges deduced from radiocarbon and PAH source apportionment markers in estuarine surface sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB2018, doi:10.1029/2007GB002994.

Flores-Cervantes, D.X., D.L. Plata, J.K. MacFarlane, C.M. Reddy, and P.M. Gschwend. 2009. Black carbon in marine particulate organic carbon: Inputs and cycling of highly recalcitrant organic carbon in the Gulf of Maine. Marine Chemistry 113: 172–181.CrossRef

Frey, K.E., and L.C. Smith. 2005. Amplified carbon release from vast west Siberian peatlands by 2100. Geophysical Research Letters 32: 1–4.

Goldberg, E.D. 1985. Black carbon in the environment: Properties and distribution. New York: Wiley.

Guilderson, T.P., and D.P. Schrag. 1998. Abrupt shift in subsurface temperatures in the tropical Pacific associated with changes in El Nino. Science 281: 240–243.CrossRef

Guo, L., P.H. Santschi, L.A. Cifuentes, S.E. Trumbore, and J. Southon. 1996. Cycling of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter in the Middle Atlantic Bight as revealed by carbon isotopic (¹³C and ¹⁴C) signatures. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 1242–1252.CrossRef

Gustafsson, O., M. Krusa, Z. Zencak, R.J. Sheesley, L. Granat, E. Engstrom, P.S. Praveen, P.S.P. Rao, C. Leck, and H. Rodhe. 2009. Brown clouds over South Asia: Biomass or fossil fuel combustion? Science 323: 495–498.CrossRef

Gustafsson, O., B. van Dongen, J. Vonk, O. Dudarev, and I. Semiletov. 2011. Widespread release of old carbon across the Siberian arctic echoed by its large rivers. Biogeosciences 8: 1445–1461.CrossRef

Hansell, D.A., C.A. Carlson, D.J. Repeta, and R. Schlitzer. 2009. Dissolved organic matter in the ocean: A controversy stimulates new insights. Oceanography 22: 202–211.CrossRef

Hedges, J. 2002. Why dissolved organics matter. In Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter, ed. D.A. Hansell, and C.A. Carlson, 1–33. San Diego: Academic Press.CrossRef

Hedges, J.I., and R.G. Keil. 1995. Sedimentary organic-matter preservation—An assessment and speculative synthesis. Marine Chemistry 49: 81–115.CrossRef

Hwang, J.S., and E.R.M. Druffel. 2003. Lipid-like material as the source of the uncharacterized organic carbon in the ocean? Science 299: 881–884.CrossRef

Hwang, J., E.R.M. Druffel, S. Griffin, K.L. Smith, R.J. Baldwin, and J.E. Bauer. 2004. Temporal variability of delta C-14, delta C-13, and C/N in sinking particulate organic matter at a deep time series station in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, doi:10.1029/2004GB002221.

Hwang, J., E.R.M. Druffel, and T. Komada. 2005. Transport of organic carbon from the california coast to the slope region: A study of delta C-14 and delta C-13 signatures of organic compound classes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19, doi:10.1029/2004GB002422.

Hwang, J., E.R. Druffel, and T.I. Eglinton. 2010. Widespread influence of resuspended sediments on oceanic particulate organic carbon: Insights from radiocarbon and aluminum contents in sinking particles. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24, doi:10.1029/2010GB003802.

Keeling, C.D. 1958. Widespread influence of resuspended sediments on oceanic particulate organic carbon: Insights from radiocarbon and aluminum contents in sinking particles. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 13: 322–334.CrossRef

Key, R.M., A. Kozyr, C.L. Sabine, K. Lee, R. Wanninkhof, J.L. Bullister, R.A. Feely, F.J. Millero, C. Mordy, and T.H. Peng. 2004. A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, doi:10.1029/2004GB002247.

Komada, T., E.R.M. Druffel, and J. Hwang. 2005. Sedimentary rocks as sources of ancient organic carbon to the ocean: An investigation through delta C-14 and delta C-13 signatures of organic compound classes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19, doi:10.1029/2004GB002347.

Kuhlbusch, T. 1998. Black carbon and the carbon cycle. Science 280: 1903–1904.CrossRef

Kusch, S., J. Rethemeyer, E. Schefuss, and G. Mollenhauer. 2010. Controls on the age of vascular plant biomarkers in black sea sediments. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 74: 7031–7047.CrossRef

Levin, I., and B. Kromer. 2004. The tropospheric (CO₂)-C-14 level in mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere (1959–2003). Radiocarbon 46: 1261–1272.

Masiello, C.A. 2004. New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry. Marine Chemistry 92: 201–213.CrossRef

Masiello, C.A., and E.R.M. Druffel. 1998. Black carbon in deep-sea sediments. Science 280: 1911–1913.CrossRef

Masiello, C.A., and E.R.M. Druffel. 2001. Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Santa Clara River. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15: 407–416.CrossRef

McCarthy, M., S. Beaupre, B. Walker, I. Voparil, T. Guilderson, and E. Druffel. 2011. Chemosynthetic origin of C-14-depleted dissolved organic matter in a ridge-flank hydrothermal system. Nature Geoscience 4: 32–36.CrossRef

McDuffee, K., and E. Druffel. 2007. Short-term variability of dissolved inorganic radiocarbon in Sargasso Sea surface waters. Marine Chemistry 106: 513–518.

Meybeck, M. 1982. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers. American Journal of Science 282: 401–450.CrossRef

Meyers-Schulte, K.J., and J.I. Hedges. 1986. Molecular evidence for a terrestrial component of organic-matter dissolved in ocean water. Nature 321: 61–63.CrossRef

Mortazavi, B., and J.P. Chanton. 2004. Use of keeling plots to determine sources of dissolved organic carbon in nearshore and open ocean systems. Limnology and Oceanography 49: 102–108.CrossRef

Nydal, R., and K. Lovseth. 1983. Tracing bomb C-14 in the atmosphere 1962–1980. Journal of Geophysical Research 88, No. C6: 3621–3642.CrossRef

Opsahl, S., and R. Benner. 1997. Distribution and cycling of terrigenous dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Nature 386: 480–482.CrossRef

Ostlund, H.G., and C.G.H. Rooth. 1990. The north-Atlantic tritium and radiocarbon transients 1972–1983. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, No. C11: 20147–20165.CrossRef

Ostlund, H.G., and M. Stuiver. 1980. GEOSECS Pacific radiocarbon. Radiocarbon 22: 25–53.

Pearson, A., and T.I. Eglinton. 2000. The origin of N-Alkanes in Santa Monica Basin surface sediment: A model based on compound-specific delta C-14 and delta C-13 data. Organic Geochemistry 31: 1103–1116.CrossRef

Pohlman, J., J. Bauer, W. Waite, C. Osburn, and N. Chapman. 2011. Methane hydrate-bearing seeps as a source of aged dissolved organic carbon to the oceans. Nature Geoscience 4: 37–41.CrossRef

Rafter, T.A. 1968. Carbon-14 variations in nature. 3. 14C measurements in South Pacific and Antarctic Oceans. New Zealand Journal of Science 11: 551–588.

Rau, G.H., D.M. Karl, and R.S. Carney. 1986. Does inorganic carbon assimilation cause ¹⁴C depletion in deep-sea organisms? Deep-Sea Research 33: 349–357.CrossRef

Repeta, D.J., and L.I. Aluwihare. 2006. Radiocarbon analysis of neutral sugars in high-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon: Implications for organic carbon cycling. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 1045–1053.CrossRef

Rubin, S.I., and R.M. Key. 2002. Separating natural and bomb-produced radiocarbon in the ocean: The potential alkalinity method. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16, doi:10.1029/2001GB001432.

Schlesinger, W.H. 1997. Biogeochemistry: An analysis of global change. San Diego: Adademic Press.

Schlitzer, R. 2007. Assimilation of radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon data to constrain deep and bottom water transports in the world ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 37: 259–276.CrossRef

Stuiver, M., and H.G. Ostlund. 1980. GEOSECS Atlantic radiocarbon. Radiocarbon 22: 1–24.

Stuiver, M., P.D. Quay, and H.G. Ostlund. 1983. Abyssal water C-14 distribution and the age of the world oceans. Science 219: 849–851.CrossRef

Stuiver, M., G.W. Pearson, and T. Braziunas. 1986. Radiocarbon age calibration of marine samples back to 9000 cal yr BP. Radiocarbon 28: 980–1021.

Suman, D.O. 1983. Agricultural burning in Panama and Central America: Burning parameters and the coastal sedimentary record, doctoral thesis, University of California at San Diego.

Verardo, D., and W. Ruddiman. 1996. Late pleistocene charcoal in tropical Atlantic deep-sea sediments: Climatic and geochemical significance. Geology 24: 855–857.CrossRef

Vonk, J.E., L. Sanchez-Garcia, I. Semiletov, O. Dudarev, T. Eglinton, A. Andersson, and O. Gustafsson. 2010. Molecular and radiocarbon constraints on sources and degradation of terrestrial organic carbon along the Kolyma Paleoriver transect, east Siberian Sea. Biogeosciences 7: 3153–3166.CrossRef

Wang, X., R. Chen, J. Whelan, and L. Eglinton. 2001. Contribution of “old” carbon from natural marine hydrocarbon seeps to sedimentary and dissolved organic carbon pools in the Gulf of Mexico. Geophysical Research Letters 28: 3313–3316.CrossRef

Williams, P.M., and E.R.M. Druffel. 1987. Radiocarbon in dissolved organic matter in the central north Pacific Ocean. Nature 330: 246–248.CrossRef

Williams, P.M., and L.I. Gordon. 1970. C-13: C-12 Ratios in dissolved and particulate organic matter in sea. Deep-Sea Research 17: 19–27.

Williams, P.M., H. Oeschger, and P. Kinney. 1969. Natural radiocarbon activity of dissolved organic carbon in north-east Pacific Ocean. Nature 224: 256–258.CrossRef

Ziolkowski, L.A., and E.R.M. Druffel. 2010. Aged black carbon identified in marine dissolved organic carbon. Geophysical Research Letters 37. doi:10.1029/2010GL043963.

Titel: Radiocarbon in the Oceans
verfasst von: E. R. M. Druffel
S. R. Beaupré
L. A. Ziolkowski
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Radiocarbon and Climate Change
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25641-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-25643-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25643-6_5