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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Restoring Boldness and Reducing Apathy

verfasst von : Swati Bhatt

Erschienen in: The Attention Deficit

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The narrative doesn’t end with diminished risk-taking. The sharing model on the Internet enhances the human experience in a spirit of equality and so we value transparency, trust, literacy and inclusion. Enterprises of risk are best supported in a culture of trust. An equal-valued exchange rests upon faith that the counterparty will fulfill their side of the bargain. Mistrust and fear might cloud even the initial bargaining process, so no transaction is made. Moreover, a forceful desire for privacy can perpetuate mistrust since it suggests fear of others mishandling one’s information as well as fear of people’s trivia invading one’s private mental space. How do we reconcile privacy with the sharing model? How do we guarantee and enforce property rights when personal data and cognitive bandwidth are private property? Individual liberty and free will are to be balanced against community and networks of trust when the goal is to move ahead with bold enterprises.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Diminished Risk-Taking

Nächstes Kapitel Conclusion: Dialogue, Not Walls

In June 2017, Google ended the practice of granting “first click free” access to articles behind a paywall. The belief was that giving Google Search users access to articles would provide an incentive for subscriptions. The Wall Street Journal saw a drop in Search traffic after they ended this program, and Google Search now allows individual websites to determine how users access their sites from Search. https://9to5google.com/2017/09/12/google-search-first-click-free-ends/

The privacy principles underlying General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) maintain that personal data must be

(i)

processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject;

(ii)

collected for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a manner that is incompatible with those purposes;

(iii)

adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processes

(iv)

accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date;

(v)

kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the personal data are processed; and

(vi)

processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security of personal data, including protection against unauthorized or unlawful processing and against accidental loss, destruction or damage (Furman 2019).

Psychometrics is the science of assessing individuals’ mental and psychological strengths and weaknesses. Applications of this science include personality tests, IQ and aptitude tests. A well-known paper by Kosinski et al. shows that easily available records from Facebook such as “likes” can be used to measure and predict opinions, personality, intelligence and sexual orientation (Kosinski et al. 2013).

See the discussion in Chap. 2 on the role of bias in the criminal defense system.

Jung et al. show that “simple rules are competitive with state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms.” They explain their rules in the context of judicial decisions in pre-trial release. “Based on an analysis of over 100,000 cases, we estimate that judges can detain one-third fewer defendants, while simultaneously increasing the number that appear at their court dates.” In the judicial context, as in many policy settings, it is statistically challenging to evaluate decision rules based solely on historical data. The key difficulty is that one cannot observe what would have happened under an alternative course of action (Jung et al. 2019).

Fragmentation is enhanced when ostracized nations create their own internal network. The Halal Internet, started in 2011, resembles China’s Great Firewall and is the Iranian government’s controlled version of the Internet, called the National Information Network.

The curated playlists on Spotify, Today’s Top Hits and New Music Friday, introduce new tracks but simultaneously reward the artist. If an artist’s track is placed on the curated playlist Today’s Top Hits, the song has an increase of 20 million streams, while being ranked #1 on New Music Friday raises the song’s streams by 14 million (Aguiar and Waldfogel 2018).

The questions in the survey were developed by the Edelman AI Center of Expertise and augmented with input from the World Economic Forum. The general population was equally distributed from around the country and selected irrespective of their work positions, while selection of the technology executives focused on those who held senior management and C-Suite positions in their organizations.

Aguiar, L. and J. Waldfogel, 2018. Platforms, promotions, and product discovery: evidence from Spotify playlists. Cambridge: NBER Working Paper June 2018.

Akerlof, Robert. 2016. We Thinking and its Consequences. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 2016, 106(5).CrossRef

Berners-Lee, Sir Tim. 2019. 30 Years On, What’s Next #ForTheWeb Accessed 3/15/19 from https://webfoundation.org/2019/03/web-birthday-30/

Edelman Survey, 2019. Accessed 3/20/2019 from https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/2019-03/2019_Edelman_AI_Survey_Whitepaper.pdf

EMarketer, 5/29/2019. Accessed on 5/30/19 from https://www.emarketer.com/content/facebook-s-clear-history-tool-what-advertisers-should-and-should-not-worry-about?ecid=NL1001

Facebook joins the fight against Ebola with News Feed Donation Drive, The Verge, Nov. 6, 2014. Accessed 4/28/2019 from https://www.theverge.com/2014/11/6/7166725/facebook-joins-the-fight-against-ebola-with-news-feed-donation-drive

Furman, Jason. 2019. Report of the Digital Competition Expert Panel: Unlocking Digital Competition. March 2019. Accessed on 5/23/19 from www.gov.uk/government/publications

GDPR, Article 5, GDPR. Accessed 3/15/2019 from https://gdpr-info.eu/

Jung, Jongbin, Sharad Goel, Connor Concannon, Daniel Goldstein and Ravi Shroff. 2019. Simple Rules for Complex Decisions. Stanford University working paper. Accessed 3/22/19 from https://5harad.com/papers/simple-rules.pdf

Kosinski, Michal, David Stillwell and Thore Graepel, April 9, 2013. Private traits and attributes are predictable from digital records of human behavior. PNAS, 4/9/13. Accessed 4/24/19 from https://www.pnas.org/content/110/15/5802

Lapowsky, Issie. 6/19/2018. The Man Who Saw the Dangers of Cambridge Analytica Years Ago. Wired Magazine. Accessed 4/24/2019 from https://www.wired.com/story/the-man-who-saw-the-dangers-of-cambridge-analytica/

Liu, E., A. Mian and A. Sufi. 2019. Low Interest rates, market power and productivity growth. Cambridge: NBER Working Paper 25505. January.

NYT 4/28/2019. Accessed 4/28/19 from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/28/opinion/poway-synagogue-shooting-meme.html?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=newsletter_axiosam&stream=top

Rogers, Phoebe. June 2019. Breaching the Perimeter: An Exploration of Patters in Data Breach Environments 2005–2018. Senior Thesis presented to the Department of Economics, Princeton University, 2019.

Thompson, Robert. 2019. Taming the Digital Wild West, WSJ editorial, 3/13/2019.

Thompson, Nicholas. 2019. 3/6/2019. Mark Zuckerberg on Facebook’s Future and What Scares Him Most. Wired Magazine Accessed 4/24/19 from https://www.wired.com/story/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-interview-privacy-pivot/

Waze Launches Connected Citizens Program, Debuts Inaugural W10, PR Newswire, October 2, 2014. Accessed 4/28/19 from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/waze-launches-connected-citizens-program-debuts-inaugural-w10-277867931.html

Washington Post. 2019. Accessed 4/28/19 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/sri-lankas-bombings-came-at-a-time-of-terrorism-fatigue-its-time-to-break-out-of-that/2019/04/23/0dda7890-660e-11e9-a1b6-b29b90efa879_story.html?utm_term=.89ce1ee51522&wpisrc=nl_opinions&wpmm=1

Wu, Tim. 2018. The Curse of Bigness: Anti-Trust in the New Gilded Age. Columbia Global Reports.

Titel: Restoring Boldness and Reducing Apathy
verfasst von: Swati Bhatt
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Attention Deficit
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21847-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-21848-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21848-5_8

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