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2011 | Buch

Physiological Computing: Interfacing with the Human Nervous System Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Sensing Emotions

The impact of context on experience measurements

herausgegeben von: Joyce Westerink, Martijn Krans, Martin Ouwerkerk

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Philips Research Book Series

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

The authors of this book analyze the influence of specific everyday life situations and contexts on the emotional state of people and the ways in which this can impact measurements of user experience. The book anticipates a future in which products and machines know how we feel and adapt to the feelings they sense (music systems that effectively enhance our current mood with a personalized choice of music, computer dialogues that avoid upcoming frustration, and photo cameras that take pictures whenever we're excited). In all these situations, knowledge of the emotional state of the user is prime information.

A previous book published in the Philips Research Book Series, "Probing Experience", illustrated ways to evaluate the user experience through behavioural and physiological parameters. The present book focuses on the influence of context in these measurements. The everyday-life contexts of future products and machines will be always specific, especially in comparison to the standard laboratory situation. Context can impact the experience measurements and influence the occurrence and characteristics of certain signals. On the other hand, independent knowledge of the context could be very valuable for the interpretation of experience measurements. This book provides an overview of the present knowledge on the impact of context, and advocates the need for a joint understanding of its role in the measurement of experience.

The authors comprise many experienced researchers on this topic with a wide variety of backgrounds, including business and academia, covering a broad range of context situations.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Physiological Computing: Interfacing with the Human Nervous System
Abstract
This chapter describes the physiological computing paradigm where electrophysiological changes from the human nervous system are used to interface with a computer system in real time. Physiological computing systems are categorized into five categories: muscle interfaces, brain-computer interfaces, biofeedback, biocybernetic adaptation and ambulatory monitoring. The differences and similarities of each system are described. The chapter also discusses a number of fundamental issues for the design of physiological computing system, these include: the inference between physiology and behaviour, how the system represents behaviour, the concept of the biocybernetic control loop and ethical issues.
Stephen H. Fairclough
Chapter 2. Unobtrusive Emotions Sensing in Daily Life
Abstract
The measurement of human emotions in a daily life setting is reviewed in this chapter. In detail the hardware aspects of the Philips Research emotion measurement platform are described. The platform contains a wireless skin conductance wristband, a wireless chest strap ECG sensor and a wireless ear clip blood volume pulse sensor, which together with an internet tablet as hub form a personal wireless network. Two examples of applications, which have been evaluated in the form of concepts are presented.
Martin Ouwerkerk
Chapter 3. Physical Activity Recognition Using a Wearable Accelerometer
Abstract
Physical activity recognition represents a new frontier of improvement for context-aware applications, and for several other applications related to public health. Activity recognition requires the monitoring of physical activity in unconfined environments, using automatic systems supporting prolonged observation periods, and providing minimal discomfort to the user. Accelerometers reasonably satisfy these requirements and have therefore often been employed to identify physical activity types. This chapter will describe how the different applications of activity recognition would influence the choice of the on-body placement and the number of accelerometers. After that it will be analyzed which sampling frequency is necessary to record an acceleration signal for the purpose of activity pattern recognition, and which is the optimal strategy to segment the recorded signal to improve the recognition performance in daily life. In conclusion, it will be discussed how the user friendliness of accelerometers is influenced by the classification algorithm and by the data processing required for activity recognition.
Alberto G. Bonomi
Chapter 4. The Use of Psychophysiological Measures During Complex Flight Manoeuvres – An Expert Pilot Study
Abstract
Simulator training is common for commercial pilots but not in general aviation. Since unusual flight attitudes, stalls and spins account for about one third of fatal accidents in pilots flying according to visual flight rules, the present authors are currently evaluating a simulator training program developed for this group of pilots. Our study does not only use the progress in recovering from unusual manoeuvres as criterion for training success, but also psychophysiological recordings during the actual flight manoeuvres. Based on a theoretical arousal/emotion brain model (Boucsein and Backs, 2009), heart rate, heart rate variability and various electrodermal parameters were chosen for in-flight recording in an aerobatic plane (Pitts S-2B), flown by an expert aerobatic pilot who will be the flight instructor during the test flights before and after simulator training. In the present study, psychophysiological recordings were taken before, during and after flying into and recovering from extreme pitch, overbanking, power-off full stall and spin. To control for the influence of high acceleration, G-forces were recorded by an inertial platform. Results from our expert pilot study demonstrate the usability of psychophysiological measures for not only determining stress/strain processes, but also different kinds of arousal, i.e., general arousal, preparatory activation and emotional arousal, during complex flight manoeuvres.
Wolfram Boucsein, Ioana Koglbauer, Reinhard Braunstingl, K. Wolfgang Kallus
Chapter 5. The Effects of Colored Light on Valence and Arousal
Investigating Responses Through Subjective Evaluations and Psycho-Physiological Measurements
Abstract
Although red light is often said to be activating and blue light is thought to be relaxing, studies provide no unequivocal evidence for such a claim. There are indications that the effect on arousal evoked by colored light should not be attributed to its hue, but to uncontrolled variations in lightness and saturation instead. Moreover, cognitive processes, such as associations, also play a role. Therefore, not only arousal but also valence should be considered when studying the effect of colored light. In the current study, the effect of hue (red, green and blue), lightness and saturation of colored light on arousal and valence was investigated. Red light was found to be less pleasant and more arousing than green and blue light as measured by subjective evaluations, and as expected, saturated light was assessed to be more arousing than desaturated light. Conversely, no clear psycho-physiological effects were found. In conclusion, a discrepancy between questionnaires and psycho-physiological measurements has occurred in this study; its cause has not been identified yet.
Rosemarie J. E. Rajae-Joordens
Chapter 6. Audiovisual Expression of Emotions in Communication
Abstract
Non-verbal cues may reveal a lot about the emotional state of a user. However, the way these expressions of emotion are often studied in the scientific literature may be rather different from the actual expressions in reality, which are dynamic, spontaneous and potentially multimodal. In this chapter, we systematically compare posed and spontaneous emotional expressions, which were collected using an experimental language-based induction method in which participants were asked to produce sentences with an increasingly emotional content. It was found that spontaneous positive and negative expressions lead to more positive and negative self-reported emotion scores than the posed ones. Interestingly, however, perception studies revealed that judges rate the posed dynamic facial expressions as significantly stronger than the spontaneous ones. Finally, it was studied whether better acting skills lead to more realistic expressions, which turned out not to be the case.
Emiel Krahmer, Marc Swerts
Chapter 7. Accessing the Parallel Universe of Connotative Meaning
Abstract
Words carry objective or denotative meanings that are agreed upon by a community and are held in the common mind of the community. But words and other forms of communication such as images, music, film, and architecture carry connotative meanings as well. These connotative meanings – mainly emotional associations – are also agreed upon by the community, and held in the common mind. However, access to a comprehensive storehouse of this enormous parallel universe of emotional meaning has never been available for the benefit of individuals, researchers, and businesses, in part due to the traditional separation of emotion and cognition in scientific research. Connotative intelligence technology, a system for capturing, quantifying, and making available the connotative meanings of words, images, music, and other artefacts of human culture and communication, is now being implemented in commercial products.
Wayne O. Chase
Chapter 8. Runners’ Experience of Implicit Coaching Through Music
Abstract
In this paper we evaluate a music-based coaching system for runners, the SportsCoach. It measures the runner’s heart rate and increases music tempo when, for an optimal workout, the runner should speed up. Coaching is implicit, since the runner only needs to keep in sync with the music and no explicit instructions are given. We performed 2 experiments to evaluate how this implicit coaching was experienced in the actual context of running. The first experiment investigated how natural it is to keep running in sync with the music when the music tempo changes. We find that although runners are not naturally inclined to do so, a band of 10% below one’s natural tempo is mostly easily followed, especially by dancers. The second experiment evaluated the SportsCoach and contrasted its implicit form of coaching and synchronized music to explicit and absent forms of coaching and fixed tempo music. We find that the SportCoach concept scores well on most aspects, especially because of the synchronicity of music and running tempos.
Joyce H. D. M. Westerink, Arjan Claassen, Tijn Schuurmans, Wijnand IJsselsteijn, Yvonne de Kort, Suzanne Vossen, Yuzhong Lin, Guido van Helvoort
Chapter 9. Sleep in Context
Abstract
Usually, the bed is where the day ends and a new day begins. During sleep, people are mostly unaware of the things that happen in the environment, and therefore psychologically, sleep separates one day from the next. For many, an “ideal” night of sleep consists of quickly falling asleep, sleeping through the night, and waking up refreshed and ready to face the day (e.g., Taylor et al., 2008). However, some nights are not that ideal. Not only people with clinical conditions or sleep disorders, but also healthy people might sometimes have difficulties falling asleep and staying asleep, and wake up too early or unrefreshed (e.g., NSF, 2008; Cuartero and Estivill, 2007; Bixler, 2009). Many people without chronic sleep complaints also sometimes feel the need to be assured that the upcoming night will be a refreshing one, without troubles. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the sleep of healthy individuals.
Henriette van Vugt
Chapter 10. Telling the Story and Re-Living the Past: How Speech Analysis Can Reveal Emotions in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Patients
Abstract
A post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe stress disorder and, as such, a severe handicap in daily life. To this date, its treatment is still a big endeavor for therapists. This chapter discusses an exploration towards automatic assistance in treating patients suffering from PTSD. Such assistance should enable objective and unobtrusive stress measurement, provide decision support on whether or not the level of stress is excessive, and, consequently, be able to aid in its treatment. Speech was chosen as an objective, unobtrusive stress indicator, considering that most therapy sessions are already recorded anyway. Two studies were conducted: a (controlled) stress-provoking story telling (SPS) and a(n ecologically valid) re-living (RL) study, each consisting of a “happy” and an “anxiety triggering” session. In both studies the same 25 PTSD patients participated. The Subjective Unit of Distress (SUD) was determined as a subjective measure, which enabled the validation of derived speech features. For both studies, a Linear Regression Model (LRM) was developed, founded on patients’ average acoustic profile. It used five speech features: amplitude, zero crossings, power, high-frequency power, and pitch. From each feature, 13 parameters were derived; hence, in total 65 parameters were calculated. Using LRMs, respectively 83 and 69% of the variance was explained for the SPS and RL study. Moreover, a set of generic speech signal parameters was presented. Together, the models created and parameters identified can serve as the foundation for future artificial therapy assistants.
Egon L. van den Broek, Frans van der Sluis, Ton Dijkstra
Chapter 11. The Role of Design in Facilitating Multi-disciplinary Collaboration in Wearable Technology
Abstract
This chapter presents a range of methodologies that address issues around designing for the emerging area of wearable technology, based upon a 1-year research cluster, The Emotional Wardrobe, and a 3-year user study project, Communication-Wear. The process of eliciting consumer desire is very central to this in order to gain insight into the catalysts and drivers for this new genre of fashion/clothing. For this we need to elicit the dreams, aspirations and desires of people using generative techniques and prototype as probe methods, to provide inspiration for designers. Design for appropriation empowers people to create their own stories and meanings for an age of personalisation, enabling them to be proactive rather than reactive to technological development. This emerging design space will necessitate increased levels of collaboration between industries. But how do we work together where there isn’t a history of doing so? Here we present the use of design as a way of thinking in order to manage knowledge flows, to facilitate knowledge creation, and a shared understanding.
Sharon Baurley
Metadaten
Titel
Sensing Emotions
herausgegeben von
Joyce Westerink
Martijn Krans
Martin Ouwerkerk
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-90-481-3258-4
Print ISBN
978-90-481-3257-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3258-4

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