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Open Access 2013 | Open Access | Buch

Buchtitelbild

Sensor Technologies

Healthcare, Wellness, and Environmental Applications

verfasst von: Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill

Verlag: Apress

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

Sensor Technologies: Healthcare, Wellness and Environmental Applications explores the key aspects of sensor technologies, covering wired, wireless, and discrete sensors for the specific application domains of healthcare, wellness and environmental sensing. It discusses the social, regulatory, and design considerations specific to these domains.

The book provides an application-based approach using real-world examples to illustrate the application of sensor technologies in a practical and experiential manner. The book guides the reader from the formulation of the research question, through the design and validation process, to the deployment and management phase of sensor applications. The processes and examples used in the book are primarily based on research carried out by Intel or joint academic research programs.

“Sensor Technologies: Healthcare, Wellness and Environmental Applications provides an extensive overview of sensing technologies and their applications in healthcare, wellness, and environmental monitoring. From sensor hardware to system applications and case studies, this book gives readers an in-depth understanding of the technologies and how they can be applied. I would highly recommend it to students or researchers who are interested in wireless sensing technologies and the associated applications.”

Dr. Benny Lo

Lecturer, The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College of London

“This timely addition to the literature on sensors covers the broad complexity of sensing, sensor types, and the vast range of existing and emerging applications in a very clearly written and accessible manner. It is particularly good at capturing the exciting possibilities that will occur as sensor networks merge with cloud-based ‘big data’ analytics to provide a host of new applications that will impact directly on the individual in ways we cannot fully predict at present. It really brings this home through the use of carefully chosen case studies that bring the overwhelming concept of 'big data' down to the personal level of individual life and health.”

Dermot Diamond

Director, National Centre for Sensor Research, Principal Investigator, CLARITY Centre for Sensor Web Technologies, Dublin City University

"Sensor Technologies: Healthcare, Wellness and Environmental Applications takes the reader on an end-to-end journey of sensor technologies, covering the fundamentals from an engineering perspective, introducing how the data gleaned can be both processed and visualized, in addition to offering exemplar case studies in a number of application domains. It is a must-read for those studying any undergraduate course that involves sensor technologies. It also provides a thorough foundation for those involved in the research and development of applied sensor systems. I highly recommend it to any engineer who wishes to broaden their knowledge in this area!"

Chris Nugent

Professor of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulster

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
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Open Access

Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
We live in an age of relentless and accelerating change, driven by demographic, social, and economic evolution. Each day, there are more of us consuming the finite natural resources of the planet. Our impact on the planet is increasing through urbanization, energy utilization, waste production, and so on, and this impact is not without consequences. Levels of pollution are increasing in our environment, with corresponding effects on our health and well-being. From smog clouds in cities and pollution of our drinking water to simply being denied sufficient peace to sleep soundly at night, human activity has enormous impact on us and on our planet.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Open Access

Chapter 2. Sensing and Sensor Fundamentals
Abstract
Sensors utilize a wide spectrum of transducer and signal transformation approaches with corresponding variations in technical complexity. These range from relatively simple temperature measurement based on a bimetallic thermocouple, to the detection of specific bacteria species using sophisticated optical systems. Within the healthcare, wellness, and environmental domains, there are a variety of sensing approaches, including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), optical, mechanical, electrochemical, semiconductor, and biosensing. As outlined in Chapter 1, the proliferation of sensor-based applications is growing across a range of sensing targets such as air, water, bacteria, movement, and physiology. As with any form of technology, sensors have both strengths and weaknesses. Operational performance may be a function of the transduction method, the deployment environment, or the system components. In this chapter, we review the common sensing mechanisms that are used in the application domains of interest within the scope of this book, along with their respective strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we describe the process of selecting and specifying sensors for an application.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Open Access

Chapter 3. Key Sensor Technology Components: Hardware and Software Overview
Abstract
Sensors measure a variety of chemical, biological, and physical quantities using a wide range of sensing techniques as outlined in the previous chapter. The action of sensing creates an output signal, via a transduction process, that must be processed and transmitted in some manner in order for a person or another device to do something useful with it. Sensors that have the capability to acquire, process, and output measurements over a data bus in a single package are referred to as smart sensors. The capabilities of these smart sensors can be further augmented with features, such as radio communications, sampling, remote manageability, and enclosures, to deliver smart sensor systems. The combination of hardware and software enables signal conditioning, data processing, transmission, storage, and display of the sensor measurement. In this chapter, we will examine the key hardware and software features that are important in the design of sensors and sensor systems.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Chapter 4. Sensor Network Topologies and Design Considerations
Abstract
Connecting the devices in our lives, from toasters to fitness devices, to each other and to the Internet is the fundamental principle of the Internet of Things (IoT). Enabling this connectivity requires at the very least a direct connection to the Internet, but often data is routed and processed at a local network stage before being passed to the Internet. Some sensor networks are not connected to the Internet at all, and their data is simply aggregated and displayed at a local aggregation point, such as a smart phone or PC. The topology of the sensor network depends largely on the overall system application: a personal area network may simply stream data from all sensors to a single central aggregator (star topology), whereas a home monitoring network may use a self-healing mesh topology. The different sensor topologies and the applications to which they are most suited are discussed in this chapter.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Chapter 5. Processing and Adding Vibrancy to Sensor Data
Abstract
Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Open Access

Chapter 6. Regulations and Standards: Considerations for Sensor Technologies
Abstract
All sensor-based devices, particularly healthcare devices, require a degree of regulation to ensure that they are electrically, chemically, biologically, and physically safe for the end user. The degree of regulation required depends on the level of risk associated with the device. Implantable devices, such as pacemakers, require more stringent regulation than a noninvasive thermometer. When developing or using health, wellness, or environmental devices, it is important to be aware of the regulations that pertain to that device and ensure that your device is compliant. In fact, because of the potential risks posed by certain medical devices, it is illegal to market or sell a medical device without putting it through the appropriate regulatory processes. Geographical and domain-specific standards provide benchmarks against which the compatibility, interoperability, safety, or quality of a device can be measured. Given this broad scope, it would be impossible to describe, or even list, all the standards that pertain to health, wellness, and environmental sensors within a single chapter. Rather, this chapter will provide an example-based introduction to the topics of regulation and standards, referencing some of the most common standards and regulations applied in these domains.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Open Access

Chapter 7. The Data Economy of Biosensors
Abstract
Biosensing does not take place in a void. It always has a social context of some kind, and that context has profound implications for the types of things that biosensors can and cannot do. The social context is, however, not as obvious as it might at first seem. There are some design considerations that must be tied to specific situations. For example, what one might build to enable professionals to care for an older person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is very different from the monitor that tracks an athlete’s activity levels or what a citizen science group might use to look for better assessments of local air quality. What works well in fully privatized healthcare systems may not find much demand in single-payer systems. Even within single-payer systems, what works in the Netherlands may not work well in the United Kingdom. There are also differences that need attending to, based on not just the population of end users but on a whole range of other actors involved. The way we represent data to professionals must be very different from the way it is represented to epidemiologists or civil society groups.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Chapter 8. Sensor Deployments for Home and Community Settings
Abstract
In this chapter, we will outline the methodologies that have been successfully developed and utilized by Intel and Technology Research for Independent Living (TRIL) Centre researchers in the design, implementation, deployment, management, and analysis of home- and community-based research pilots. Translating research from the confines of the laboratory to real-world environments of community clinics and people’s homes is challenging. However, when successful, applying that research correctly can deliver meaningful benefits to both patients and clinicians. Leveraging the expertise of multidisciplinary teams is vital to ensuring that all issues are successfully captured and addressed during the project life cycle. Additionally, the end user must be the center of focus during both the development and evaluation phases. Finally, the trial must generate data and results that are sufficiently robust to withstand rigorous review by clinical and scientific experts. This is vital if any new technology solution is to be successful adopted for clinical use.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Chapter 9. Body-Worn, Ambient, and Consumer Sensing for Health Applications
Abstract
There has been increasing momentum, particularly in the last decade, for new healthcare sensing and monitoring devices, driven in part by advances in sensor and sensor system technologies, which are delivering greater capabilities at economically viable costs. Moreover, global demographics are driving a significant rethink in the way we deliver healthcare. The cost of healthcare will continue to rise unabated, to economically unaffordable levels, unless we change our current approach. Technology affords greater flexibility in clinical protocols and enables the new consumer healthcare market. Sensing and sensor technologies play a key role at the center of healthcare innovation, and will continue to enable that innovation into the future as they integrate with a range of other information and communications technologies (ICT) to deliver exciting new capabilities.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Chapter 10. Wellness, Fitness, and Lifestyle Sensing Applications
Abstract
Physical fitness is not only one of the most important keys to a healthy body; it is the basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Chapter 11. Environmental Monitoring for Health and Wellness
Abstract
Our environment plays a pivotal daily role in our health and well-being. The air we breathe, the water we drink, the noise levels we're exposed to, and the weather we experience, all directly affect us in terms of our quality of life, our life expectancy, and the prevalence of certain diseases or other aspects of our personal health.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Chapter 12. Summary and Future Trends
Abstract
In this chapter, we present a summary of the subject matter covered in previous chapters. We revisit the key influences that currently drive the development of sensor-based applications in the health, wellness and health-related environmental monitoring. We also look toward the future of sensing by examining some emerging trends, including those that suggest how pervasive sensors will become in many aspects of our daily lives. We discuss how the evolution of technology brought pervasive connectivity and computing, and how it will impact future sensor applications. We also examine how crowdsourcing empowers citizens, adding an innovative element to future sensor applications. Finally, we explore the sensing nexus that stems from the way sensors interconnect with information and communications technologies. New and innovative sensing solutions will enable us to develop fresh insights at a personalized level into how our behaviors, lifestyle choices, and other factors influence our health and wellbeing.
Michael J. McGrath, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
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Backmatter
PDF
Metadaten
Titel
Sensor Technologies
verfasst von
Michael J. McGrath
Cliodhna Ní Scanaill
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Apress
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4302-6014-1
Print ISBN
978-1-4302-6013-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6014-1