Skip to main content

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Smart Pharmaceuticals

verfasst von : Bruce G. Bender, Henry Chrystyn, Bernard Vrijens

Erschienen in: Health 4.0: How Virtualization and Big Data are Revolutionizing Healthcare

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Drug-delivery technology has come a long way since the handmade tinctures, lozenges, and pills of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Today, a new generation of smart pharmaceuticals offers the potential to monitor and improve self-management of chronic conditions, enhance adherence, and tailor treatment more precisely to the patient. Smart pharmaceuticals also offer the opportunity to collect an unprecedented breadth and depth of metadata, such as medication adherence and compliance with technique, and the correlation of these factors with cost-effectiveness and clinical efficacy outcomes. This metadata brings key knowledge at point of care and may facilitate consultations between patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs), improve allocation of increasingly pressurized health resources, and optimize service design. There is also the potential to use these data as a healthcare monitor. Ultimately, the hope is that use of these data will optimize therapy and overall patient care.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Trevitt S, Simpson S, Wood A (2015) Artificial pancreas device systems for the closed-loop control of type 1 diabetes: what systems are in development? J Diab Sci Technol 10(3):714–723. doi:10.1177/1932296815617968 CrossRef Trevitt S, Simpson S, Wood A (2015) Artificial pancreas device systems for the closed-loop control of type 1 diabetes: what systems are in development? J Diab Sci Technol 10(3):714–723. doi:10.​1177/​1932296815617968​ CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kass M, Zimmerman T, Yablonski M (1977) Compliance to pilocarpine therapy. Invest Ophthalmol 108:Abstract 2 Kass M, Zimmerman T, Yablonski M (1977) Compliance to pilocarpine therapy. Invest Ophthalmol 108:Abstract 2
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cui J, Zheng X, Hou W, Zhuang Y, Pi X, Yang J (2008) The study of a remote-controlled gastrointestinal drug delivery and sampling system. Telemed J e-Health 14(7):715–719. doi:10.1089/tmj.2007.0118 CrossRef Cui J, Zheng X, Hou W, Zhuang Y, Pi X, Yang J (2008) The study of a remote-controlled gastrointestinal drug delivery and sampling system. Telemed J e-Health 14(7):715–719. doi:10.​1089/​tmj.​2007.​0118 CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Wamboldt FS, Bender BG, O’Connor SL, Gavin LA, Wamboldt MZ, Milgrom H et al (1999) Reliability of the model MC-311 MDI chronolog. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104(1):53–57. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70113-2. Cited 23 Feb 2016 Wamboldt FS, Bender BG, O’Connor SL, Gavin LA, Wamboldt MZ, Milgrom H et al (1999) Reliability of the model MC-311 MDI chronolog. J Allergy Clin Immunol 104(1):53–57. doi:10.​1016/​S0091-6749(99)70113-2. Cited 23 Feb 2016
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan AHY, Stewart AW, Harrison J, Camargo CA Jr, Black PN, Mitchell EA (2015) The effect of an electronic monitoring device with audiovisual reminder function on adherence to inhaled corticosteroids and school attendance in children with asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 3:210–219. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00008-9 CrossRef Chan AHY, Stewart AW, Harrison J, Camargo CA Jr, Black PN, Mitchell EA (2015) The effect of an electronic monitoring device with audiovisual reminder function on adherence to inhaled corticosteroids and school attendance in children with asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 3:210–219. doi:10.​1016/​S2213-2600(15)00008-9 CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmes MS, Seheult JN, Geraghty C, D’Arcy S, O’Brien U, Crispino O’Connell G, et al (2013) A method of estimating inspiratory flow rate and volume from an inhaler using acoustic measurements. Physiol Meas 34(8):903–914. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/34/8/903. Cited 24 Feb 2016 Holmes MS, Seheult JN, Geraghty C, D’Arcy S, O’Brien U, Crispino O’Connell G, et al (2013) A method of estimating inspiratory flow rate and volume from an inhaler using acoustic measurements. Physiol Meas 34(8):903–914. doi:10.​1088/​0967-3334/​34/​8/​903. Cited 24 Feb 2016
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmes MS, D’Arcy S, Costello RW, Reilly RB (2013) An acoustic method of automatically evaluating patient inhaler technique. In: Procedings of the 36th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 1322–1325. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2013.6609752 Holmes MS, D’Arcy S, Costello RW, Reilly RB (2013) An acoustic method of automatically evaluating patient inhaler technique. In: Procedings of the 36th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp 1322–1325. doi:10.​1109/​EMBC.​2013.​6609752
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel P, Gupta PKC, White CMJ, Stanley AG, Williams B, Tomaszewski M (2015) Screening for non-adherence to antihypertensive treatment as a part of the diagnostic pathway to renal denervation. J Hum Hypertens 30(6):368–373. doi:10.1038/jhh.2015.103 CrossRef Patel P, Gupta PKC, White CMJ, Stanley AG, Williams B, Tomaszewski M (2015) Screening for non-adherence to antihypertensive treatment as a part of the diagnostic pathway to renal denervation. J Hum Hypertens 30(6):368–373. doi:10.​1038/​jhh.​2015.​103 CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, Przemyslaw K, Demonceau J, Ruppar T et al (2012) A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 73(5):691–705. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125 CrossRef Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, Przemyslaw K, Demonceau J, Ruppar T et al (2012) A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 73(5):691–705. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2125 CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Blaschke TF, Osterberg L, Vrijens B, Urquhart J (2012) Adherence to medications: insights arising from studies on the unreliable link between prescribed and actual drug dosing histories. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 52:275–301. doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011711-113247. Cited 5 Feb 2016 Blaschke TF, Osterberg L, Vrijens B, Urquhart J (2012) Adherence to medications: insights arising from studies on the unreliable link between prescribed and actual drug dosing histories. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 52:275–301. doi:10.​1146/​annurev-pharmtox-011711-113247. Cited 5 Feb 2016
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Fischer MA, Stedman MR, Lii J, Vogeli C, Shrank WH, Brookhart MA et al (2010) Primary medication non-adherence: analysis of 195,930 electronic prescriptions. J Gen Intern Med 25:284–290. doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1253-9 CrossRef Fischer MA, Stedman MR, Lii J, Vogeli C, Shrank WH, Brookhart MA et al (2010) Primary medication non-adherence: analysis of 195,930 electronic prescriptions. J Gen Intern Med 25:284–290. doi:10.​1007/​s11606-010-1253-9 CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalichman SC, Amaral CM, Cherry C, Flanagan J, Pope H, Eaton L et al (2008) Monitoring medication adherence by unannounced pill counts conducted by telephone: reliability and criterion-related validity. HIV Clin Trials 9(5):298–308. doi:10.1310/hct0905-298 CrossRef Kalichman SC, Amaral CM, Cherry C, Flanagan J, Pope H, Eaton L et al (2008) Monitoring medication adherence by unannounced pill counts conducted by telephone: reliability and criterion-related validity. HIV Clin Trials 9(5):298–308. doi:10.​1310/​hct0905-298 CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi L, Liu J, Fonseca V, Walker P, Kalsekar A, Pawaskar M (2010) Correlation between adherence rates measured by MEMS and self-reported questionnaires: a meta-analysis. Heal Qual Life Outcomes 8:99. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-99 CrossRef Shi L, Liu J, Fonseca V, Walker P, Kalsekar A, Pawaskar M (2010) Correlation between adherence rates measured by MEMS and self-reported questionnaires: a meta-analysis. Heal Qual Life Outcomes 8:99. doi:10.​1186/​1477-7525-8-99 CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Bender BG, Rand C (2004) Medication non-adherence and asthma treatment cost. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 4(3):191–195CrossRef Bender BG, Rand C (2004) Medication non-adherence and asthma treatment cost. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 4(3):191–195CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams LK, Pladevall M, Xi H, Peterson EL, Joseph C, Lafata JE et al (2004) Relationship between adherence to inhaled corticosteroids and poor outcomes among adults with asthma. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 114(6):1288–1293. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.09.028 CrossRef Williams LK, Pladevall M, Xi H, Peterson EL, Joseph C, Lafata JE et al (2004) Relationship between adherence to inhaled corticosteroids and poor outcomes among adults with asthma. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 114(6):1288–1293. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jaci.​2004.​09.​028 CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Demonceau J, Ruppar T, Kristanto P, Hughes DA, Fargher E, Kardas P et al (2013) Identification and assessment of adherence-enhancing interventions in studies assessing medication adherence through electronically compiled drug dosing histories: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Drugs 73(6):545–562. doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0041-3. Cited 24 Feb 2016 Demonceau J, Ruppar T, Kristanto P, Hughes DA, Fargher E, Kardas P et al (2013) Identification and assessment of adherence-enhancing interventions in studies assessing medication adherence through electronically compiled drug dosing histories: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Drugs 73(6):545–562. doi:10.​1007/​s40265-013-0041-3. Cited 24 Feb 2016
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosnaim GS, Pappalardo AA, Resnick SE, Codispoti CD, Bandi S, Nackers L et al (2016) Behavioral interventions to improve asthma outcomes for adolescents: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 4(1):130–141. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.09.011 CrossRef Mosnaim GS, Pappalardo AA, Resnick SE, Codispoti CD, Bandi S, Nackers L et al (2016) Behavioral interventions to improve asthma outcomes for adolescents: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 4(1):130–141. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jaip.​2015.​09.​011 CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster JM, Usherwood T, Smith L, Sawyer SM, Xuan W, Rand CS et al (2014) Inhaler reminders improve adherence with controller treatment in primary care patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 134(1260–1268):e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.041 Foster JM, Usherwood T, Smith L, Sawyer SM, Xuan W, Rand CS et al (2014) Inhaler reminders improve adherence with controller treatment in primary care patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 134(1260–1268):e3. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jaci.​2014.​05.​041
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Neville R, Greene A, McLeod J, Tracy A, Surie J (2002) Mobile phone text messaging can help young people manage asthma. Br Med J 325(7364):600CrossRef Neville R, Greene A, McLeod J, Tracy A, Surie J (2002) Mobile phone text messaging can help young people manage asthma. Br Med J 325(7364):600CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Thakkar J, Kurup R, Laba T-L, Santo K, Thiagalingam A, Rodgers A et al (2016) Mobile telephone text messaging for medication adherence in chronic disease. JAMA Intern Med 176(3):340–349. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7667. Cited 2 Feb 2016 Thakkar J, Kurup R, Laba T-L, Santo K, Thiagalingam A, Rodgers A et al (2016) Mobile telephone text messaging for medication adherence in chronic disease. JAMA Intern Med 176(3):340–349. doi:10.​1001/​jamainternmed.​2015.​7667. Cited 2 Feb 2016
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin M, Mahmooth Z, Dedhia N, Frutchey R, Mercado CE, Epstein DH et al (2015) Tailored, interactive text messages for enhancing weight loss among African American adults: the TRIMM randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 128(8):896–904. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.03.013. Cited 12 Feb 2016 Lin M, Mahmooth Z, Dedhia N, Frutchey R, Mercado CE, Epstein DH et al (2015) Tailored, interactive text messages for enhancing weight loss among African American adults: the TRIMM randomized controlled trial. Am J Med 128(8):896–904. doi:10.​1016/​j.​amjmed.​2015.​03.​013. Cited 12 Feb 2016
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Saeedi OJ, Luzuriaga C, Ellish N, Robin A (2015) Potential limitations of e-mail and text messaging in improving adherence in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. J Glaucoma 24(5):e95–e102. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000150. Cited 12 Feb 2016 Saeedi OJ, Luzuriaga C, Ellish N, Robin A (2015) Potential limitations of e-mail and text messaging in improving adherence in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. J Glaucoma 24(5):e95–e102. doi:10.​1097/​IJG.​0000000000000150​. Cited 12 Feb 2016
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Orrell C, Cohen K, Mauff K, Bangsberg DR, Maartens G, Wood R (2015) A randomized controlled trial of real-time electronic adherence monitoring with text message dosing reminders in people starting first-line antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 70(5):495–502. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000770. Cited 22 Feb 2016 Orrell C, Cohen K, Mauff K, Bangsberg DR, Maartens G, Wood R (2015) A randomized controlled trial of real-time electronic adherence monitoring with text message dosing reminders in people starting first-line antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 70(5):495–502. doi:10.​1097/​QAI.​0000000000000770​. Cited 22 Feb 2016
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen T-M-U, Caze AL, Cottrell N (2014) What are validated self-report adherence scales really measuring?: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 77(30):427–445. doi:10.1111/bcp.12194 Nguyen T-M-U, Caze AL, Cottrell N (2014) What are validated self-report adherence scales really measuring?: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 77(30):427–445. doi:10.​1111/​bcp.​12194
45.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Covvey JR, Mullen AB, Ryan M, Steinke DT, Johnston BF, Wood FT et al (2014) A comparison of medication adherence/persistence for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United Kingdom. Int J Clin Pract 68(10):1200–1208. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12451 CrossRef Covvey JR, Mullen AB, Ryan M, Steinke DT, Johnston BF, Wood FT et al (2014) A comparison of medication adherence/persistence for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United Kingdom. Int J Clin Pract 68(10):1200–1208. doi:10.​1111/​ijcp.​12451 CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Lavorini F, Magnan A, Christophe Dubus J, Voshaar T, Corbetta L, Broeders M et al (2008) Effect of incorrect use of dry powder inhalers on management of patients with asthma and COPD. Respir Med 102(4):593–604. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2007.11.003 CrossRef Lavorini F, Magnan A, Christophe Dubus J, Voshaar T, Corbetta L, Broeders M et al (2008) Effect of incorrect use of dry powder inhalers on management of patients with asthma and COPD. Respir Med 102(4):593–604. doi:10.​1016/​j.​rmed.​2007.​11.​003 CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Federman AD, Wolf MS, Sofianou A, Martynenko M, O’Connor R, Halm EA et al (2014) Self-management behaviors among older adults with asthma: associations with health literacy. J Am Geriatr Soc 62(5):872–879. doi:10.1111/jgs.12797 CrossRef Federman AD, Wolf MS, Sofianou A, Martynenko M, O’Connor R, Halm EA et al (2014) Self-management behaviors among older adults with asthma: associations with health literacy. J Am Geriatr Soc 62(5):872–879. doi:10.​1111/​jgs.​12797 CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor TE, Holmes MS, Sulaiman I, D’Arcy S, Costello RW, Reilly RB (2014) An acoustic method to automatically detect pressurized metered dose inhaler actuations. In: Proceeding of the 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. pp 4611–4614. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944651 Taylor TE, Holmes MS, Sulaiman I, D’Arcy S, Costello RW, Reilly RB (2014) An acoustic method to automatically detect pressurized metered dose inhaler actuations. In: Proceeding of the 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. pp 4611–4614. doi:10.​1109/​EMBC.​2014.​6944651
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Hertegonne KB, Rombaut B, Houtmeyers P, Van Maele G, Pevernagie DA (2008) Titration efficacy of two auto-adjustable continuous positive airway pressure devices using different flow limitation-based algorithms. Respiration 75(1):48–54. doi:10.1159/000103515 CrossRef Hertegonne KB, Rombaut B, Houtmeyers P, Van Maele G, Pevernagie DA (2008) Titration efficacy of two auto-adjustable continuous positive airway pressure devices using different flow limitation-based algorithms. Respiration 75(1):48–54. doi:10.​1159/​000103515 CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Nadarassan DK, Assi KH, Chrystyn H (2010) Aerodynamic characteristics of a dry powder inhaler at low inhalation flows using a mixing inlet with an Andersen Cascade Impactor. Eur J Pharm Sci 39(5):348–354. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2010.01.002. Cited 12 Feb 2016 Nadarassan DK, Assi KH, Chrystyn H (2010) Aerodynamic characteristics of a dry powder inhaler at low inhalation flows using a mixing inlet with an Andersen Cascade Impactor. Eur J Pharm Sci 39(5):348–354. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ejps.​2010.​01.​002. Cited 12 Feb 2016
57.
Zurück zum Zitat de Matas M, Shao Q, Biddiscombe MF, Meah S, Chrystyn H, Usmani OS (2010) Predicting the clinical effect of a short acting bronchodilator in individual patients using artificial neural networks. Eur J Pharm Sci 41(5):707–715. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2010.09.018 CrossRef de Matas M, Shao Q, Biddiscombe MF, Meah S, Chrystyn H, Usmani OS (2010) Predicting the clinical effect of a short acting bronchodilator in individual patients using artificial neural networks. Eur J Pharm Sci 41(5):707–715. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ejps.​2010.​09.​018 CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez GG, Schulzer M, Jung D, FitzGerald JM (2005) A systematic review of risk factors associated with near-fatal and fatal asthma. Can Respir J 12(5):265–270CrossRef Alvarez GG, Schulzer M, Jung D, FitzGerald JM (2005) A systematic review of risk factors associated with near-fatal and fatal asthma. Can Respir J 12(5):265–270CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Bender BG, Krishnan JA, Chambers DA, Cloutier MM, Riekert KA, Rand CS et al (2015) American Thoracic Society and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Implementation research workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12(12):S213–S221. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201506-367OT. Cited 15 Feb 2016 Bender BG, Krishnan JA, Chambers DA, Cloutier MM, Riekert KA, Rand CS et al (2015) American Thoracic Society and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Implementation research workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12(12):S213–S221. doi:10.​1513/​AnnalsATS.​201506-367OT. Cited 15 Feb 2016
62.
Zurück zum Zitat van Boven JF, Tommelein E, Boussery K, Mehuys E, Vegter S, Brusselle GG et al (2014) Improving inhaler adherence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Respir Res 15(1):66. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-15-66. Cited 24 Feb 2016 van Boven JF, Tommelein E, Boussery K, Mehuys E, Vegter S, Brusselle GG et al (2014) Improving inhaler adherence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Respir Res 15(1):66. doi:10.​1186/​1465-9921-15-66. Cited 24 Feb 2016
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Elliott RA, Boyd MJ, Salema N-E, Davies J, Barber N, Mehta RL et al (2015) Supporting adherence for people starting a new medication for a long-term condition through community pharmacies: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the New Medicine Service. BMJ Qual Saf. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004400. Cited 24 Feb 2016 Elliott RA, Boyd MJ, Salema N-E, Davies J, Barber N, Mehta RL et al (2015) Supporting adherence for people starting a new medication for a long-term condition through community pharmacies: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the New Medicine Service. BMJ Qual Saf. doi:10.​1136/​bmjqs-2015-004400. Cited 24 Feb 2016
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Vrijens B, Urquhart J, White D (2014) Electronically monitored dosing histories can be used to develop a medication-taking habit and manage patient adherence. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 7(5):633–644. doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.940896 CrossRef Vrijens B, Urquhart J, White D (2014) Electronically monitored dosing histories can be used to develop a medication-taking habit and manage patient adherence. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 7(5):633–644. doi:10.​1586/​17512433.​2014.​940896 CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Baptist AP, Thompson M, Grossman KS, Mohammed L, Sy A, Sanders GM (2011) Social media, text messaging, and email-preferences of asthma patients between 12 and 40 years old. J Asthma 48(8):824–830. doi:10.3109/02770903.2011.608460. Cited 15 Feb 2016 Baptist AP, Thompson M, Grossman KS, Mohammed L, Sy A, Sanders GM (2011) Social media, text messaging, and email-preferences of asthma patients between 12 and 40 years old. J Asthma 48(8):824–830. doi:10.​3109/​02770903.​2011.​608460. Cited 15 Feb 2016
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Khoury MJ (2015) Planning for the future of epidemiology in the era of big data and precision medicine. Am J Epidemiol 182(12):977–979. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv228 Khoury MJ (2015) Planning for the future of epidemiology in the era of big data and precision medicine. Am J Epidemiol 182(12):977–979. doi:10.​1093/​aje/​kwv228
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Phelan SM, Puhl RM, Burke SE, Hardeman R, Dovidio JF, Nelson DB et al (2015) The mixed impact of medical school on medical students’ implicit and explicit weight bias. Med Educ 49(10):983–992. doi:10.1111/medu.12770 CrossRef Phelan SM, Puhl RM, Burke SE, Hardeman R, Dovidio JF, Nelson DB et al (2015) The mixed impact of medical school on medical students’ implicit and explicit weight bias. Med Educ 49(10):983–992. doi:10.​1111/​medu.​12770 CrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Mullen K, Nicolson M, Cotton P (2010) Improving medical students’ attitudes towards the chronic sick: a role for social science research. BMC Med Educ [Internet]. BioMed Central 10:84. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-10-84 Mullen K, Nicolson M, Cotton P (2010) Improving medical students’ attitudes towards the chronic sick: a role for social science research. BMC Med Educ [Internet]. BioMed Central 10:84. doi:10.​1186/​1472-6920-10-84
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Hillas G, Perlikos F, Tsiligianni I, Tzanakis N (2015) Managing comorbidities in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 10:95–109. doi:10.2147/COPD.S54473 Hillas G, Perlikos F, Tsiligianni I, Tzanakis N (2015) Managing comorbidities in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 10:95–109. doi:10.​2147/​COPD.​S54473
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Ivanova JI, Bergman R, Birnbaum HG, Colice GL, Silverman RA, McLaurin K (2012) Effect of asthma exacerbations on health care costs among asthmatic patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129(5):1229–1235. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.039 CrossRef Ivanova JI, Bergman R, Birnbaum HG, Colice GL, Silverman RA, McLaurin K (2012) Effect of asthma exacerbations on health care costs among asthmatic patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129(5):1229–1235. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jaci.​2012.​01.​039 CrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Dhamane AD, Moretz C, Zhou Y, Burslem K, Saverno K, Jain G et al (2015) COPD exacerbation frequency and its association with health care resource utilization and costs. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 10:2609–2618. doi:10.2147/COPD.S90148 CrossRef Dhamane AD, Moretz C, Zhou Y, Burslem K, Saverno K, Jain G et al (2015) COPD exacerbation frequency and its association with health care resource utilization and costs. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 10:2609–2618. doi:10.​2147/​COPD.​S90148 CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Ehteshami-Afshar S, FitzGerald JM, Doyle-Waters MM, Sadatsafavi M (2016) The global economic burden of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 20(1):11–23. doi:10.5588/ijtld.15.0472 CrossRef Ehteshami-Afshar S, FitzGerald JM, Doyle-Waters MM, Sadatsafavi M (2016) The global economic burden of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 20(1):11–23. doi:10.​5588/​ijtld.​15.​0472 CrossRef
79.
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Maeng DD, Pitcavage JM, Snyder SR, Davis DE (2016) The value of value-based insurance design: savings from eliminating drug co-payments. Am J Manag Care 22(2):116–121. Cited 24 Feb 2016 Maeng DD, Pitcavage JM, Snyder SR, Davis DE (2016) The value of value-based insurance design: savings from eliminating drug co-payments. Am J Manag Care 22(2):116–121. Cited 24 Feb 2016
Metadaten
Titel
Smart Pharmaceuticals
verfasst von
Bruce G. Bender
Henry Chrystyn
Bernard Vrijens
Copyright-Jahr
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47617-9_4

Neuer Inhalt