Introduction
Methods
Data and sample
Measures
Exposure-social capital
Health outcomes
Covariates
Statistical approach
Results
Total (%) | Categories of low social capital (column %) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low connection | Low trust | Low participation | ||
Attributes | ||||
Age groups | ||||
45–54 | 1489 (41) | 525 (45) | 502 (50) | 344 (43) |
55–64 | 1156 (33) | 361 (34) | 261 (30) | 251 (34) |
65–74 | 681 (17) | 184 (14) | 177 (16) | 141 (15) |
75+ | 280 (8) | 64 (7) | 50 (4) | 51 (7) |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1696 (49) | 548 (48) | 476 (49) | 403 (52) |
Female | 1910 (51) | 586 (52) | 514 (51) | 384 (48) |
Marital status | ||||
Married/de facto | 2652 (77) | 800 (73) | 690 (72) | 552 (72) |
Single | 954 (23) | 334 (27) | 300 (28) | 235 (28) |
Employment status | ||||
Full-time | 1378 (38) | 495 (44) | 392 (40) | 332 (44) |
Part-time | 654 (17) | 200 (15) | 164 (15) | 106 (11) |
Unemployed | 50 (1) | 21 (1) | 26 (2) | 15 (1) |
Not in workforce | 1524 (44) | 418 (40) | 408 (44) | 334 (43) |
Health condition | ||||
Yes | 1247 (36) | 416 (40) | 395 (42) | 321 (41) |
No | 2359 (65) | 718 (60) | 595 (58) | 466 (59) |
Residence | ||||
Major urban | 2042 (61) | 687 (66) | 568 (63) | 471 (65) |
Other urban | 862 (22) | 257 (20) | 255 (23) | 186 (21) |
Rural | 702 (17) | 190 (14) | 167 (14) | 130 (14) |
Income (quintiles) | ||||
1 poorest | 838 (21) | 263 (21) | 263 (25) | 207 (25) |
2 | 654 (18) | 212 (20) | 191 (21) | 148 (19) |
3 | 639 (18) | 210 (19) | 182 (18) | 144 (20) |
4 | 714 (21) | 205 (19) | 190 (21) | 132 (15) |
5 richest | 761 (22) | 244 (21) | 164 (16) | 156 (21) |
Number of people | ||||
1 | 685 (13) | 213 (12) | 191 (12) | 161 (13) |
2 | 1752 (47) | 512 (42) | 461 (45) | 381 (47) |
3 | 488 (18) | 154 (21) | 136 (19) | 112 (22) |
4+ | 681 (21) | 255 (25) | 202 (23) | 133 (18) |
Social capital | ||||
Connectedness | ||||
High–moderate | 2472 (66) | – | 565 (52) | 394 (48) |
Low | 1134 (34) | – | 425 (48) | 393 (52) |
Trust | ||||
High–moderate | 2616 (71) | 709 (60) | – | 471 (59) |
Low | 990 (29) | 425 (40) | – | 316 (41) |
Participation | ||||
High–moderate | 2819 (77) | 741 (65) | 674 (67) | – |
Low | 787 (23) | 393 (35) | 316 (33) | – |
Health outcomes | ||||
Physical functioning | ||||
High–moderate | 2879 (78) | 852 (70) | 714 (68) | 560 (69) |
Poor | 727 (22) | 282 (30) | 276 (32) | 227 (31) |
Poor mental health | ||||
High–moderate | 2792 (76) | 785 (66) | 649 (62) | 525 (64) |
Poor | 814 (24) | 349 (34) | 341 (38) | 262 (36) |
Self-rated health | ||||
Excellent–good | 2872 (78) | 842 (69.8) | 704 (64) | 515 (64) |
Poor–fair | 734 (22) | 292 (30.2) | 286 (36) | 272 (36) |
Social capital dynamics |
N (%) | Adjusted odds ratios [95% Confidence Interval] by each adverse health outcome, 2012 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 and 2010 categories | Poor physical functioning (n = 2879) | Poor mental health (n = 2792) | Poor self-rated health (n = 2872) | ||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
Connectedness | |||||||
Never low | 2021 (54) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Transitioned out of low | 538 (16) | 1.09 [0.77–1.54] | 1.04 [0.73–1.47] | 1.23 [0.72–2.10] | 1.10 [0.61–1.97] |
1.53 [1.10–2.14]
|
1.40 [1.00–1.97]
|
Transitioned into low | 451 (12) | 1.18 [0.77–1.80] | 1.11 [0.71–1.72] |
1.54 [1.02–2.33]
| 1.38 [0.90–2.10] |
1.76 [1.24–2.52]
|
1.61 [1.11–2.34]
|
Consistently low | 59 (18) | 1.36 [0.90–2.07] | 1.22 [0.77–1.93] | 1.16 [0.78–1.72] | 0.96 [0.63–1.46] | 1.05 [0.71–1.56] | 0.87 [0.59–1.29] |
Trust | |||||||
Never low | 2275 (61) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Transitioned out of low | 483 (14) | 0.94 [0.64–1.38] | 0.90 [0.61–1.31] | 1.41 [0.88–2.26] | 1.38 [0.86–2.21] | 1.07 [0.71–1.59] | 1.03 [0.69–1.55] |
Transitioned into low | 341 (10) | 1.53 [0.96–2.44] | 1.47 [0.93–2.33] | 1.36 [0.83–2.23] | 1.31 [0.78–2.18] |
1.79 [1.14–2.80]
|
1.74 [1.11–2.73]
|
Consistently low | 507 (15) |
1.64 [1.15–2.32]
|
1.54 [1.06–2.22]
|
1.69 [1.14–2.49]
|
1.59 [1.08–2.36]
|
1.96 [1.35–2.85]
|
1.86 [1.27–2.72]
|
Participation | |||||||
Never low | 2529 (68) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Transitioned out of low | 367 (10) | 1.14 [0.73–1.77] | 1.06 [0.67–1.68] | 1.37 [0.89–2.10] | 1.30 [0.83–2.04] | 1.26 [0.85–1.88] | 1.14 [0.75–1.72] |
Transitioned into low | 290 (9) | 1.22 [0.75–1.99] | 1.14 [0.69–1.89] | 1.35 [0.84–2.15] | 1.22 [0.77–1.93] | 1.33 [0.87–2.03] | 1.17 [0.76–1.79] |
Consistently low | 420 (13) | 1.35 [0.94–1.93] | 1.26 [0.85–1.84] | 1.48 [0.96–2.29] | 1.41 [0.89–2.23] |
1.53 [1.02–2.31]
| 1.38 [0.89–2.14] |