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2024 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Solar Thermal Desalination Technologies for Potable Water

Exploring Viable Options for Reliable and Sustainable Water Production

verfasst von: H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book covers the basics and advancements in various solar thermal desalination systems that are highly affordable and viable even for applications in low-income countries. Fresh water is an essential natural resource needed for the continuous existence of living organisms on earth. Civilizations have started and flourished along riverbanks which can be understood from historical literature. This precious resource has also been a cause for a lot of past and current wars and conflicts among different ethnic groups and nations around the globe. In the current scenario, access to clean drinking water is getting harder and more expensive for most of the population in middle- and low-income countries. This volume provides detailed knowledge on effectively utilizing solar energy for desalination to fulfill clean water supply demands. The content presents detailed thermodynamic modeling of various solar thermal desalination systems and highlights the role of the solar thermal distillation process in wastewater treatment and improved sanitation through a case study. The book also provides a detailed methodology for assessing the economics, environmental footprints, and sustainability of desalination systems. The book will be highly beneficial for researchers, professionals, and activists dealing with water, energy, and the environment.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Water is one of the unique resources which are available above and below the earth’s surface. However, this essential resource is not uniformly distributed throughout the earth. For example, India holds nearly 16.0% of the world’s total population but has only 4.0% of the global renewable water.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 2. Solar Radiation Potential: Modeling, Measurement, and Utilization
Abstract
Quantifying solar energy resource in any location of interest is essential for designing a location specific solar energy based desalination system. Procedures for estimating sun-earth geometric relations, solar angles, extra-terrestrial radiation intensity, and terrestrial radiation intensity over horizontal and tilted surfaces have been presented. Details about solar radiation spectrum, various solar radiation collection devices and solar radiation measuring instruments have been explained briefly.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 3. Basin-Type Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
Basin-type solar thermal desalination system is the oldest among various solar thermal desalination technologies. However, understanding this system will facilitate peers to design and develop improved versions. How desalinated water productivity can be improved by various modifications ranging from basic to advanced techniques has been discussed in detail. Moreover, step by step procedure for estimating basin solar thermal desalination system performance through detailed thermodynamic modeling has been also presented.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 4. Tilted Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
Tilted solar thermal desalination systems are relatively high productive than basin type systems. Moreover, its tilt angle can be adjusted as per latitude with ease. Tilted solar thermal desalination system’s working principle, thermodynamic modeling and various parameters influencing its performance along with its features has been discussed in detail.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 5. Tubular Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
Advantage of tubular solar thermal desalination system is its higher condensing surface area compared to other systems. Moreover, it can be fabricated even with low cost polyethylene sheets. In this chapter, the role of various surface coatings, energy storage materials, nano-particles, concentrators, condensing cover shape, condensing cover material, and operating pressure on performance of tubular solar desalination system has been explained in detail. Moreover, step by step detailed thermodynamic modeling along with salient features has been presented.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 6. Stepped Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
Reduction of basin water depth is a key parameter to improve the distillate production rate of solar stills. Minimal basin water depth indicates minimal heat capacity thereby, water temperature rises rapidly leading to high evaporation rates. In case of stepped solar thermal desalination system, the presence of steps increases the evaporator area exposed to solar radiation. In addition, it also helps to maintain thin film of water over the evaporator surface. These advantages lead to high basin water temperature and better performance of stepped solar thermal desalination system in comparison to conventional basin solar still. Up to date versions of stepped solar still along with its detailed thermodynamic modeling and salient features has been elaborated in detail.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 7. Multi-effect/Stage Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
Heat energy that is being lost from the condensing surface of the solar thermal desalination system to the ambient can be recovered by utilizing multi effects/stages to enhance distillate productivity. Solar multi stage/effect desalination system classification, detailed thermodynamic modeling, geometric and operating parameters influence on system performance have been presented in detail.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 8. Multi-effect Tubular Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
The performance and distillate productivity of tubular solar desalination system can be enhanced by recovering and reusing its latent heat of condensation by incorporating multiple effects. Further enhancement in distillate productivity can be achieved by incorporating concentrators, immersion cooling, use of carrier gases, and adopting vacuum. These techniques along with the detailed thermodynamic modeling have been discussed. The concept of modular tubular multi stage tubular desalination system which is more advantageous than other configurations has also been elaborated.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 9. Vertical Convection Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
Vertical convection solar still can be either one sided or double sided type. One sided and double sided system has one and two apertures, respectively. One sided system can be oriented either in sole north, sole south, sole east, sole west, sole north-east, sole north-west, sole south-east or sole south-west direction. Similarly, double sided vertical solar still can be oriented either in east-west or north-south direction. Detailed thermodynamic modeling along with impact of orientation, geometric parameters, feed water parameters, operating pressure, and reuse of latent heat on system performance has been discussed in detail. Moreover, concept of wickless evaporating surface has also been discussed.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 10. Vertical Diffusion Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
The productivity of solar stills can be enhanced significantly by reducing the gap between the evaporating and condensing surface. However, this is not possible in basin-type solar stills as there are huge chances of contamination of distillate with the incoming feed water.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 11. Hybrid Solar Chimney-Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
The solar chimney is also called the solar updraft tower and is developed to generate power. The vast ground area below the transparent cover of solar chimney power plant can also been be utilized effectively for desalination purposes. In hybrid solar chimney-desalination/water production systems, both power and potable water are produced. A number of hybrid configurations proposed and investigated theoretically by researchers have been explained in detail along with their performance influencing factors.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 12. Solar Thermal Wastewater Treatment Systems
Abstract
Wastewaters that are generally dumped into water bodies without any pre-treatment are mainly RO (reverse osmosis) reject and domestic sewage water. Human urine is the largest contributor of nutrients in domestic wastewater. Direct application of urine to the land is a very common practice in rural areas but it contaminates surface and groundwater sources significantly. Use of solar energy for treating sewage water and recovering resources from urine and RO reject has been discussed in detail. Quality aspects of the feed, product water and recovered solid materials has also been presented and discussed. Apart from this wastewater feed and reject management strategies in solar thermal desalination systems have also been listed.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Chapter 13. Environmental Footprints, Economics, and Sustainability of Solar Thermal Desalination Systems
Abstract
Solar energy is freely available in nature. However, in order to utilize it for desalination or wastewater treatment proper systems needs to be designed, fabricated and installed which requires significant cash investment. They can be accepted by the general public only if they are economical in comparison to the currently available commercial conventional fossil fuel based systems. Environmental footprints refer to the impacts caused by an activity on the environment. During development, deployment and operation of solar thermal desalination/wastewater treatment systems there may be certain positive impacts and adverse impacts on the environment which decides the sustainability of the developed systems. Step by step by procedure to assess the economics, environmental impacts and sustainability of solar thermal desalination systems have been presented. In addition, comparison of various solar thermal desalination systems based on economics, and sustainability has also been carried out.
H. Sharon, K. Srinivas Reddy
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Solar Thermal Desalination Technologies for Potable Water
verfasst von
H. Sharon
K. Srinivas Reddy
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-49155-9
Print ISBN
978-3-031-49154-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49155-9