1 Introduction
For any nonzero \(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), the degenerate exponential function is defined by
$$\begin{aligned} e_{\lambda }^{x}(t)=(1+\lambda t)^{\frac{x}{\lambda }},\qquad e_{\lambda }(t)=(1+\lambda t)^{\frac{1}{\lambda }}\quad ( \text{see [1--4]}). \end{aligned}$$
(1.1)
The degenerate Bell polynomials were considered by Kim–Kim–Dolgy in [5] and they are given by
$$\begin{aligned} e^{x(e_{\lambda }(t)-1)}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty } \operatorname{Bel}_{n}(x|\lambda )\frac{t ^{n}}{n!}\quad (\text{see [2]}). \end{aligned}$$
(1.2)
Anzeige
Note that \(\lim_{\lambda \rightarrow 0}\operatorname{Bel}_{n}(x| \lambda )=\operatorname{Bel}_{n}(x)\)
\((n\geq 0)\), where \(\operatorname{Bel}_{n}(x)\) are the ordinary Bell polynomials defined by
$$\begin{aligned} e^{x(e^{t}-1)}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty } \operatorname{Bel}_{n}(x)\frac{t^{n}}{n!}\quad (\text{see [6, 7]}). \end{aligned}$$
(1.3)
For \(r \in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}\), the degenerate r-Bell polynomials are given by
$$\begin{aligned} e_{\lambda }^{r}(t)e^{x(e_{\lambda }(t)-1)}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\operatorname{Bel} _{n}^{(r)}(x|\lambda )\frac{t^{n}}{n!}\quad (\text{see [3]}). \end{aligned}$$
(1.4)
When \(x=1\), \(\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(\lambda )= \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(1|\lambda )\) are called the degenerate r-Bell numbers.
Let r be a nonnegative integer. The r-Stirling numbers \(S_{2,r}(n,k)\) of the second kind are given by
These numbers enumerate the number of partitions of the set \([n]=\{1,2,3,\dots,n\}\) into k nonempty disjoint subsets in such a way that \(1,2,3,\dots,r\) are in distinct subsets (see [8]). Here we note, in passing, that Simsek [9] introduced the generalized array polynomials which in some special case reduce to the classical array polynomials. The generating function of the array polynomials is given by that in (1.5) with r replaced by the variable x. Also, the reader may want to see [10] for some related paper on Stirling numbers.
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{k!} e^{rt} \bigl(e^{t}-1 \bigr)^{k} = \sum_{n=k}^{\infty } S_{2,r}(n+r,k+r) \frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(1.5)
Anzeige
As a degenerate version of \(S_{2}^{(r)}(n+r,k+r)\), the degenerate r-Stirling numbers \(S_{2,\lambda }^{(r)}(n+r,k+r)\) of the second kind were introduced, and they are defined by
Then it is not difficult to see that (1.6) is equivalent to the following:
where \((x)_{0,\lambda }=1\), \((x)_{0}=1\), \((x)_{n,\lambda }=x(x-\lambda )(x-2\lambda )\cdots (x-(n-1)\lambda )\)
\((n\geq 1)\), and \((x)_{n}=(x)_{n,1}\)
\((n\geq 1)\).
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{k!}e_{\lambda }^{r}(t) \bigl(e_{\lambda }(t)-1 \bigr)^{k}=\sum _{n=k}^{\infty }S_{2,\lambda }^{(r)}(n+r,k+r) \frac{t^{n}}{n!}\quad (\text{see [3, 4, 11]}). \end{aligned}$$
(1.6)
$$\begin{aligned} (x+r)_{n,\lambda }=\sum_{k=0}^{n} S_{2,\lambda }^{(r)}(n+r,k+r) (x)_{k}, \end{aligned}$$
(1.7)
From (1.4) and (1.6), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(x| \lambda )=\sum_{k=0}^{n} S_{2,\lambda }^{(r)}(n+r,k+r)x ^{k}\quad (n\geq 0). \end{aligned}$$
(1.8)
The exponential incomplete r-Bell polynomials are defined by the generating function (see [6, 12])
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{k!} \Biggl(\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }a_{j}\frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr)^{k} \Biggl(\sum_{i=0}^{\infty }b_{i+1} \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r}=\sum_{n=k} ^{\infty }B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)}(a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots )\frac{t ^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(1.9)
From (1.9), we note that
where \(\varLambda (n,k,r)\) denotes the set of all nonnegative integers \((k_{i})_{i\geq 1}\) and \((r_{i})_{i \geq 0}\) such that \(\sum_{i \geq 1} k_{i}=k\), \(\sum_{i \geq 0} r_{i}=r\) and \(\sum_{i \geq 1} i(k _{i}+r_{i})=n\) (see [6, 12]).
$$\begin{aligned} &B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} (a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots ) \\ &\quad=\sum_{\varLambda (n,k,r)} \biggl[\frac{n!}{k_{1}!k_{2}!k_{3}!\cdots } \biggl( \frac{a_{1}}{1!} \biggr)^{k_{1}} \biggl(\frac{a_{2}}{2!} \biggr)^{k_{2}} \biggl(\frac{a_{3}}{3!} \biggr)^{k_{3}}\cdots \biggr] \\ &\qquad{}\times \biggl[\frac{r!}{r_{0}!r_{1}!r_{2}!\cdots } \biggl( \frac{b_{1}}{0!} \biggr)^{r_{0}} \biggl(\frac{b_{2}}{1!} \biggr)^{r_{1}} \biggl( \frac{b _{3}}{2!} \biggr)^{r_{2}}\cdots \biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(1.10)
Assume that \(\{ a_{i} \} _{i \geq 1}\) and \(\{ b _{i} \} _{i \geq 1}\) are sequences of positive integers. Then it can be shown (see [6, 12]) that the number \(B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)}(a_{1},a_{2},\dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots )\) counts the number of partitions of a \((n + r)\)-set into \((k + r)\) blocks satisfying: The complete r-Bell polynomials are given by
where we note that \(\exp (t)=e^{t}\).
(1)
The first r elements belong to different blocks,
(2)
Any block of size i containing no elements from the first r elements can be colored with \(a_{i}\) colors,
(3)
Any block of size i containing one element from the first r elements can be colored with \(b_{i}\) colors.
$$\begin{aligned} \exp \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{\infty }a_{i} \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum_{j=0} ^{\infty }b_{j+1}\frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr)^{r}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\operatorname{Bel} _{n}^{(r)}(a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots )\frac{t^{n}}{n!}, \end{aligned}$$
(1.11)
Thus, by (1.9) and (1.11), we get
$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots )=\sum_{k=0}^{n} B _{n+r,k+r}^{(r)}(a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots ). \end{aligned}$$
(1.12)
The degenerate Stirling, Bernoulli, and Euler numbers were introduced by Carlitz as the first degenerate versions of some special numbers. Kim and his colleagues have been studying degenerate versions of many special polynomials and numbers by making use of various different tools. Indeed, they have been investigated by means of generating functions, combinatorial methods, umbral calculus, differential equations, probability theory, and p-adic analysis. We should note here that studying degenerate versions of some special polynomials and numbers has been very fruitful and has potential to find many applications in diverse areas. For example, in [4] it is shown that the degenerate λ-Stirling polynomials of the second kind appear in the expressions of the probability distributions of appropriate random variables. Also, we would like to emphasize that studying degenerate versions is not only applied to polynomials but also extended to transcendental functions. In fact, the degenerate gamma functions were introduced and some interesting results were derived in [1].
Multivariate versions of the Stirling numbers of the second kind and ordinary Bell polynomials are, respectively, the incomplete and complete Bell polynomials. Degenerate versions of the incomplete and complete Bell polynomials are, respectively, the degenerate incomplete and complete Bell polynomials. Extended versions of the degenerate incomplete and complete Bell polynomials are, respectively, the degenerate incomplete and complete r-Bell polynomials. We refer the reader to the Introduction in [13] for diverse applications of the complete and incomplete Bell polynomials. In addition, the central complete and incomplete Bell polynomials were treated in the same paper [13]. They are ‘central’ analogues for the complete and incomplete Bell polynomials and generalizations of the central Bell polynomials and the central factorial numbers of the second kind. We note here, in passing, that the central factorial numbers are as important as the Stirling numbers, though the former received less attention than the latter [14].
In this paper, we will introduce the degenerate incomplete and complete r-Bell polynomials, respectively, given in (2.1) and (2.3). We will investigate some properties and identities for these polynomials. In particular, we will give some explicit formulas for the degenerate complete and incomplete r-Bell polynomials. Lastly, we mention that the extended degenerate r-central factorial numbers of the second kind and extended degenerate r-central Bell polynomials have been treated in [15].
2 Degenerate complete and incomplete r-Bell polynomials
Let us consider the following exponential degenerate incompleter-Bell polynomials
\(B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} (a_{1},a_{2},\dots;b _{1},b_{2},\dots |\lambda )\) given by
where \(n,k\geq 0\), with \(n\geq k\).
$$\begin{aligned} &B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} (a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots |\lambda ) \\ &\quad=B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} \bigl(a_{1}(1)_{1,\lambda },a_{2}(1)_{2,\lambda }, \dots;b_{1}(1)_{0,\lambda },b_{2}(1)_{1,\lambda },\dots \bigr) \\ &\quad=\sum_{\varLambda (n,k,r)} \biggl[\frac{n!}{k_{1}!k_{2}!\cdots } \biggl( \frac{(1)_{1, \lambda }a_{1}}{1!} \biggr)^{k_{1}} \biggl(\frac{(1)_{2,\lambda }a_{2}}{2!} \biggr)^{k_{2}}\cdots \biggr] \\ &\qquad{} \times \biggl[\frac{r!}{r_{0}!r_{1}!\cdots } \biggl(\frac{(1)_{0, \lambda }b_{1}}{0!} \biggr)^{r_{0}} \biggl(\frac{(1)_{1,\lambda }b_{2}}{1!} \biggr)^{r_{1}}\cdots \biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(2.1)
By (1.9) and (2.1), we also see that
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{k!} \Biggl(\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }a_{j}(1)_{j,\lambda } \frac{t ^{j}}{j!} \Biggr)^{k} \Biggl(\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }b_{i+1}(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t ^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad =\sum_{n=k}^{\infty }B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} \bigl(a_{1}(1)_{1,\lambda },a_{2}(1)_{2,\lambda }, \dots;b_{1}(1)_{0,\lambda },b_{2}(1)_{1, \lambda },\dots \bigr)\frac{t^{n}}{n!} \\ &\quad =\sum_{n=k}^{\infty }B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} (a_{1},a_{2},\dots ;b_{1},b_{2},\dots |\lambda )\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.2)
Also, we define the degenerate completer-Bell polynomials by
where \(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(n\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{0\}\).
$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)} &(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots;b_{1},b_{2}, \ldots |\lambda )= \sum_{k=0}^{n}B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} (a_{1},a_{2},\ldots;b_{1},b_{2}, \ldots |\lambda ), \end{aligned}$$
(2.3)
Note that
$$ \lim_{\lambda \rightarrow 0}\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b _{2},\dots |\lambda )=\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2}, \dots )\quad (n\geq 0). $$
In addition, the extended degenerate completer-Bell polynomials are defined by the generating function
$$\begin{aligned} &\exp \Biggl(u\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }a_{j}(1)_{j,\lambda } \frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum_{i=0}^{\infty }b_{i+1}(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)} (u \vert a_{1},a_{2},\dots;b_{1},b_{2}, \dots \vert \lambda )\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.4)
From (2.2), we note that
$$\begin{aligned} &\sum_{n=0}^{\infty } \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(u \vert a_{1},a_{2},\dots;b_{1},b_{2}, \dots \vert \lambda )\frac{t^{n}}{n!} \\ &\quad=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }u^{k} \frac{1}{k!} \Biggl(\sum_{j=1}^{\infty }a _{j}(1)_{j,\lambda }\frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr)^{k} \Biggl( \sum_{i=0}^{\infty }b_{i+1}(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }u^{k}\sum _{n=k}^{\infty }B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} (a_{1},a_{2},\dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots |\lambda ) \frac{t^{n}}{n!} \\ &\quad=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\sum _{k=0}^{n} u^{k}B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} (a _{1},a_{2},\dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots |\lambda )\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.5)
By (2.5), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.1
For
\(n, r \geq 0\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)} (u \vert a_{1},a_{2},\dots;b_{1},b_{2}, \dots \vert \lambda )= \sum_{k=0}^{n}u^{k}B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} (a_{1},a_{2},\dots;b_{1},b _{2},\dots |\lambda ). \end{aligned}$$
(2.6)
By (2.5) and (2.3), we get
$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)} (1 \vert a_{1},a_{2},\dots;b_{1},b_{2}, \dots \vert \lambda )=\operatorname{Bel} _{n}^{(r)}(a_{1},a_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots |\lambda ). \end{aligned}$$
(2.7)
We now observe that
and
$$\begin{aligned} &\exp \Biggl(\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }x_{i}(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr) \\ &\quad =1+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty } \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{\infty }x_{i}(1)_{i, \lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{k}\frac{1}{k!} \\ &\quad=1+\frac{1}{1!}\sum_{i=1}^{\infty }x_{i}(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!}+\frac{1}{2!} \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{\infty }x_{i}(1)_{i, \lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{2}+\frac{1}{3!} \Biggl(\sum _{i=1}^{ \infty }x_{i}(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{3}+\cdots \\ &\quad=1+\frac{x_{1}}{1!}(1)_{1,\lambda }t+ \biggl(\frac{x_{2}}{2!}(1)_{2, \lambda }+ \frac{1}{2!}x_{1}^{2}(1)_{1,\lambda }^{2} \biggr)t^{2} \\ &\qquad{} + \biggl(\frac{x_{3}}{3!}(1)_{3,\lambda }+\frac{x_{1}x_{2}}{2!}(1)_{1, \lambda } (1)_{2,\lambda }+\frac{x_{1}^{3}}{3!}(1)_{1,\lambda }^{3} \biggr)t^{3}+\cdots \\ &\quad=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty }\sum _{m_{1}+2m_{2}+\cdots +km_{k}=k} \frac{k!}{m _{1}!m_{2}!\cdots m_{k}!} \biggl(\frac{x_{1}}{1!}(1)_{1,\lambda } \biggr)^{m _{1}} \biggl(\frac{x_{2}}{2!}(1)_{2,\lambda } \biggr)^{m_{2}} \\ &\qquad{} \times \cdots \times \biggl(\frac{x_{k}}{k!}(1)_{k,\lambda } \biggr)^{m_{k}}\frac{t^{k}}{k!}, \end{aligned}$$
(2.8)
$$\begin{aligned} \Biggl(\sum_{j=0}^{\infty }(1)_{j,\lambda }b_{j+1} \frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr)^{r}=\sum_{m=0}^{\infty } \sum_{l_{1}+\cdots +l_{r}=m} \frac{m!}{l _{1}!\cdots l_{r}!} \Biggl(\prod _{i=1}^{r} (1)_{l_{i},\lambda }b_{l_{i}+1} \Biggr) \frac{t^{m}}{m!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.9)
Theorem 2.2
For
\(k \geq 0\)and
\(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} &\exp \Biggl(\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }x_{i}(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum_{j=0}^{\infty }(1)_{j,\lambda }b_{j+1} \frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\sum _{k=0}^{n} \binom{n }{k} \sum _{m_{1}+2m_{2}+\cdots +km_{k}=k}\sum_{l_{1}+\cdots +l_{r}=n-k}\frac{k!}{m _{1}!m_{2}!\cdots m_{k}!} \\ &\qquad{}\times \biggl(\frac{x_{1}}{1!}(1)_{1,\lambda } \biggr)^{m_{1}} \biggl(\frac{x _{2}}{2!}(1)_{2,\lambda } \biggr)^{m_{2}}\times \cdots \times \biggl(\frac{x _{k}}{k!}(1)_{k,\lambda } \biggr)^{m_{k}} \\ &\qquad{}\times \frac{(n-k)!}{l_{1}!\cdots l_{r}!} \Biggl(\prod_{i=1}^{r} (1)_{l _{i},\lambda }b_{l_{i}+1} \Biggr)\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.10)
From (2.4) and (2.7), we note that
$$\begin{aligned} &\exp \Biggl(\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }x_{j}(1)_{j,\lambda } \frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum_{i=0}^{\infty }b_{i+1}(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(x_{1},x_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2}, \dots |\lambda )\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.11)
Using (2.10) and (2.11), we get
$$\begin{aligned} &\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(x_{1},x_{2}, \dots;b_{1},b_{2},\dots |\lambda ) \\ &\quad=\sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n }{k}\sum _{m_{1}+2m_{2}+\cdots +km_{k}=k} \sum_{l_{1}+\cdots +l_{r}=n-k} \frac{k!}{m_{1}!m_{2}!\cdots m_{k}!} \\ &\qquad{}\times \biggl(\frac{x_{1}}{1!}(1)_{1,\lambda } \biggr)^{m_{1}} \biggl(\frac{x _{2}}{2!}(1)_{2,\lambda } \biggr)^{m_{2}}\times \cdots \times \biggl(\frac{x _{k}}{k!}(1)_{k,\lambda } \biggr)^{m_{k}} \\ &\qquad{}\times \frac{(n-k)!}{l_{1}!\cdots l_{r}!}\prod_{i=1}^{r} (1)_{l_{i}, \lambda }b_{l_{i}+1}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.12)
From (2.1), (2.4), and (2.6), we note that
$$\begin{aligned} &\exp \Biggl(x\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }(1)_{j,\lambda }\frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum_{i=0}^{\infty }(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\sum _{k=0}^{n} x^{k}B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} \bigl((1)_{1, \lambda },(1)_{2,\lambda },\dots;(1)_{0,\lambda },(1)_{1,\lambda }, \dots \bigr)\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.13)
On the other hand,
$$\begin{aligned} &\exp \Biggl(x\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }(1)_{j,\lambda }\frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum_{i=0}^{\infty }(1)_{i,\lambda } \frac{t^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad=\exp \Biggl(x\sum_{j=1}^{\infty } \biggl( \frac{1}{\lambda } \biggr)_{j}\frac{( \lambda t)^{j}}{j!} \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum _{i=0}^{\infty } \biggl(\frac{1}{ \lambda } \biggr)_{i}\frac{(\lambda t)^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad=e^{x(e_{\lambda }(t)-1)}e_{\lambda }^{r}(t) \\ &\quad=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(x| \lambda )\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.14)
Therefore, by (2.13) and (2.14), we get
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{k=0}^{n} x^{k}B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} \bigl((1)_{1,\lambda },(1)_{2, \lambda }, \dots;(1)_{0,\lambda },(1)_{1,\lambda },\dots \bigr)=\operatorname{Bel} _{n}^{(r)}(x|\lambda ). \end{aligned}$$
(2.15)
Theorem 2.3
For
\(n,k,r \geq 0\)and
\(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} &B_{n}^{(r)}(x, \dots,x;1,1,\dots |\lambda ) \\ &\quad=\sum_{k=0}^{n} x^{k}B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} \bigl((1)_{1,\lambda },(1)_{2, \lambda },\dots;(1)_{0,\lambda },(1)_{1,\lambda }, \dots \bigr) \\ &\quad=\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(x|\lambda ). \end{aligned}$$
(2.16)
From (2.2) and (1.6), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{n=k}^{\infty } &B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} \bigl((1)_{1,\lambda },(1)_{2, \lambda }, \dots;(1)_{0,\lambda },(1)_{1,\lambda },\dots \bigr)\frac{t ^{n}}{n!} \\ &\quad=\frac{1}{k!} \Biggl(\sum_{j=1}^{\infty }(1)_{j,\lambda } \frac{t^{j}}{j!} \Biggr)^{k} \Biggl(\sum _{i=0}^{\infty }(1)_{i,\lambda }\frac{t ^{i}}{i!} \Biggr)^{r} \\ &\quad=\frac{1}{k!} \bigl(e_{\lambda }(t)-1 \bigr)^{k}e_{\lambda }^{r}(t)= \sum_{n=k}^{\infty }S_{2,\lambda }^{(r)}(n+r,k+r) \frac{t^{n}}{n!}\quad (k\geq 0). \end{aligned}$$
(2.17)
Comparing the coefficients on both sides of (2.17), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.4
For
\(n,k,r \geq 0\)and
\(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} S_{2,\lambda }^{(r)}(n+r,k+r)={}&B_{n+r,k+r}^{(r)} \bigl((1)_{1,\lambda },(1)_{2, \lambda },\dots;(1)_{0,\lambda },(1)_{1,\lambda }, \dots \bigr) \\ ={}&\sum_{\varLambda (n,k,r)} \biggl[\frac{n!}{k_{1}!k_{2}!\cdots } \biggl( \frac{(1)_{1, \lambda }}{1!} \biggr)^{k_{1}} \biggl(\frac{(1)_{2,\lambda }}{2!} \biggr)^{k _{2}}\cdots \biggr] \\ & {}\times \biggl[\frac{r!}{r_{0}!r_{1}!\cdots } \biggl(\frac{(1)_{0, \lambda }}{0!} \biggr)^{r_{0}} \biggl(\frac{(1)_{1,\lambda }}{1!} \biggr)^{r _{1}}\cdots \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$
(2.18)
Now, we observe that
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty } \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(x|\lambda )\frac{t^{n}}{n!}&=e^{x(e _{\lambda }(t)-1)}e_{\lambda }^{r}(t) \\ &=e^{-x}e^{xe_{\lambda }(t)}e_{\lambda }^{r}(t)=e^{-x} \sum_{k=0}^{ \infty }\frac{x^{k}}{k!}e_{\lambda }^{k+r}(t) \\ &=e^{-x}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty } \frac{x^{k}}{k!} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty }(k+r)_{n, \lambda } \frac{t^{n}}{n!}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty } \Biggl(e^{-x}\sum_{k=0} ^{\infty } \frac{(k+r)_{n,\lambda }}{k!}x^{k} \Biggr)\frac{t^{n}}{n!}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.19)
From (2.19), we obtain the following Dobinski-type formula for the degenerate r-Bell polynomials.
Theorem 2.5
For
\(n,r \geq 0\)and
\(\lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(x| \lambda )=\frac{1}{e^{x}}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty } \frac{(k+r)_{n, \lambda }}{k!}x^{k}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.20)
3 Conclusions
There are various means of studying special polynomials and numbers, for example, generating functions, combinatorial methods, umbral calculus, p-adic analysis, differential equations, probability, orthogonal polynomials, and special functions, to cite a few [7, 14, 16]. These ways of investigating special polynomials and numbers can be applied also to degenerate versions of such polynomials and numbers. Indeed, in recent years, many mathematicians have drawn their attention to studies of degenerate versions of quite a few special polynomials and numbers by making use of the aforementioned methods [2, 5, 11, 17]. Also, it is worth mentioning that one can study degenerate versions not only of special polynomials but also of transcendental functions like gamma functions [1].
Here, we introduced the degenerate incomplete and complete r-Bell polynomials and studied properties and identities of these polynomials. Indeed, we expressed the extended degenerate complete r-Bell polynomials in terms of the degenerate incomplete r-Bell polynomials. We also obtained an explicit expression for the complete r-Bell polynomials. We noted that the degenerate r-Bell polynomials \(\operatorname{Bel}_{n}^{(r)}(x|\lambda )\) can be represented in terms of the degenerate incomplete r-Bell polynomials. Likewise, it was shown that the degenerate r-Stirling numbers of the second kind \(S_{2,\lambda }^{(r)}(n+r,k+r)\) can be expressed in terms of the degenerate incomplete r-Bell polynomials. Further, we obtained a Dobinski-type formula for the degenerate r-Bell polynomials.
As one of our future projects, we would like to continue pursuing this line of research, namely, by studying degenerate versions of some special polynomials and numbers, find their applications in mathematics, physics, and engineering.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the referees for their helpful comments and suggestions.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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