5. Spatial–Temporal Changes of Urban Sprawl, LULC and Dynamic Relationship Between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Bio-Physical Indicators: A Study of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, West Bengal

The rapid urbanization process has become a primary environmental concern due to environmental impacts, such as the drastic change in land-use/land-cover (LULC) and changes in the local climate. Rapidly growing areas such as Kolkata need to develop digital skills, which can be done easily with high-resolution remote sensing data. In this study an effort has been made to find out how changing trends of LULC and bio-physical indicators (NDVI, NDWI and NDBI) effects on Land Surface Temperature (LST) over the period of time. This study also attempts to make non-linear relationship among LST, LULC and bio-physical indicators which creates a significant output to know the exact factors those are affecting on micro-climatic change in Kolkata city. Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS image datawere utilized to extract information regarding land-use LST and biophysical indicators of Kolkata city between 1990, 2005, and 2019. In this study, GAM modelusing R programming has been used to analyze the relationship between Land Surface Temperature and bio-Physical indicators (NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI). LULC has dramatically changed in the city center as well as surrounding rural areas, resulting in a significant spatiotemporal impact on LSTs. Sustainable urban planning can be improved through these findings, as well as a reduction of the negative impacts of urbanization on the environment.