1. Globale Umwelt. Klima und Mikroorganismen

Zurück zum Zitat Bates, T. S., Lamb, B. K., Guenther, A., Dignon, J., Stoiber, R. E. 1992. Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources. J. Atmos. Chem. 14:315–337. CrossRef Bates, T. S., Lamb, B. K., Guenther, A., Dignon, J., Stoiber, R. E. 1992. Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sources. J. Atmos. Chem. 14:315–337. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Brasseur, G. P., Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S. 1999. Atmospheric chemistry and global change. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Brasseur, G. P., Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S. 1999. Atmospheric chemistry and global change. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Zurück zum Zitat Bussink, D. W., Oenema, O. 1998. Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate areas: a review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 51:19–33. CrossRef Bussink, D. W., Oenema, O. 1998. Ammonia volatilization from dairy farming systems in temperate areas: a review. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 51:19–33. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Conrad, R. 1996. Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H 2, CO, CH 4, OCS, N 2O, and NO). Microbiol. Rev. 60:609–640. CrossRef Conrad, R. 1996. Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H ₂, CO, CH ₄, OCS, N ₂O, and NO). Microbiol. Rev. 60:609–640. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Dentener, F. J., Crutzen, P. J. 1994. A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle. J. Atmos. Chem. 19:331–369. CrossRef Dentener, F. J., Crutzen, P. J. 1994. A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle. J. Atmos. Chem. 19:331–369. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Dlugokencky, E. J. 2016. NOAA/ESRL ( www.​esrl.​noaa.​gov/​gmd/​ccgg/​trends_​ch4/​) (Accessed: 18 July 2016). Dlugokencky, E. J. 2016. NOAA/ESRL ( www.​esrl.​noaa.​gov/​gmd/​ccgg/​trends_​ch4/​) (Accessed: 18 July 2016).

Zurück zum Zitat Hartmann, D. L., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Rusticucci, M., Alexander, L. V., Brönnimann, S., Charabi, Y., Dentener, F. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Easterling, D. R., Kaplan, A., Soden, B. J., Thorne, P. W., Wild, M., Zhai, P. M. 2013. Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P. M. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Hartmann, D. L., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Rusticucci, M., Alexander, L. V., Brönnimann, S., Charabi, Y., Dentener, F. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Easterling, D. R., Kaplan, A., Soden, B. J., Thorne, P. W., Wild, M., Zhai, P. M. 2013. Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P. M. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Zurück zum Zitat Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J. G., Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Korsbakken, J. I., Peters, G. P., Nakicenovic, N. 2016. Reaching peak emissions. Nature Climate Change 6:7–10. http://​www.​earth-syst-sci-data.​net/​8/​605/​2016/​doi:​10.​5194/​essd-8-605-2016. CrossRef Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J. G., Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Korsbakken, J. I., Peters, G. P., Nakicenovic, N. 2016. Reaching peak emissions. Nature Climate Change 6:7–10. http://​www.​earth-syst-sci-data.​net/​8/​605/​2016/​doi:​10.​5194/​essd-8-605-2016. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat IPCC. 1994. Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios. Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L., Bruce, G. J., Lee, H., Callander, B. A., Haites, E. F., Harris, N., Maskell, K. (eds.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. IPCC. 1994. Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios. Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L., Bruce, G. J., Lee, H., Callander, B. A., Haites, E. F., Harris, N., Maskell, K. (eds.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Zurück zum Zitat IPCC. 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G., Bruce, J., Lee, H., Callander, B. A., Haites, E. F., Harris, N., Maskell, K. (eds.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. IPCC. 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G., Bruce, J., Lee, H., Callander, B. A., Haites, E. F., Harris, N., Maskell, K. (eds.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Zurück zum Zitat IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C. A. (eds.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C. A. (eds.), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Zurück zum Zitat IPCC. 2007. Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., Miller, H. L. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. IPCC. 2007. Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., Miller, H. L. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Zurück zum Zitat Kätterer, T. 2001. Nitrogen budgets. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd./ www.​els.​net. Kätterer, T. 2001. Nitrogen budgets. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd./ www.​els.​net.

Zurück zum Zitat Kiehl, J. T., Trenberth, K. E. 1997. Earth´s annual global mean energy budget. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 78:197–208. CrossRef Kiehl, J. T., Trenberth, K. E. 1997. Earth´s annual global mean energy budget. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 78:197–208. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Peters, G. P., Manning, A. C., Boden, T. A., Tans, P. P., Houghton, R. A., Keeling, R. F., Alin, S., Andrews, O. D., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Currie, K., Delire, C., Doney, S. C., Friedlingstein, P., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Haverd, V., Hoppema, M., Klein Goldewijk, K., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D., Melton, J. R., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S.-I., O’Brien, K., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rödenbeck, C., Salisbury, J., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Skjelvan, I., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Walker, A. P., Wiltshire, A. J., Zaehle, S. 2016. Global Carbon Budget 2016. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8:605–649, https://​doi.​org/​10.​5194/​essd-8-605-2016, 2016. CrossRef Le Quéré, C., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Peters, G. P., Manning, A. C., Boden, T. A., Tans, P. P., Houghton, R. A., Keeling, R. F., Alin, S., Andrews, O. D., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Currie, K., Delire, C., Doney, S. C., Friedlingstein, P., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Haverd, V., Hoppema, M., Klein Goldewijk, K., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D., Melton, J. R., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S.-I., O’Brien, K., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rödenbeck, C., Salisbury, J., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Skjelvan, I., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., Viovy, N., Walker, A. P., Wiltshire, A. J., Zaehle, S. 2016. Global Carbon Budget 2016. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8:605–649, https://​doi.​org/​10.​5194/​essd-8-605-2016, 2016. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Dunlap, P. V., Clark, D. P. 2009. Brock-Biology of Microorganisms. 12th International Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA94111. Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Dunlap, P. V., Clark, D. P. 2009. Brock-Biology of Microorganisms. 12th International Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA94111.

Zurück zum Zitat Mackenzie, F. T. 1997. Our Changing Planet. An introduction to earth system science and global environmental change. Second edition. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ07458. Mackenzie, F. T. 1997. Our Changing Planet. An introduction to earth system science and global environmental change. Second edition. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ07458.

Zurück zum Zitat Mosier, A., Kroeze, C., Nevison, C., Oenema, O., Seitzinger, S., van Cleemput, O. 1998. Closing the global N 2O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52:225–248. CrossRef Mosier, A., Kroeze, C., Nevison, C., Oenema, O., Seitzinger, S., van Cleemput, O. 1998. Closing the global N ₂O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52:225–248. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Patra, P. K., Crisp, D., Kaiser, J. W., Wunch, D., Saeki, T., Ichii, K., Sekiya, T., Wennberg, P. O., Feist, D. G., Pollard, D. F., Griffith, D. W. T., Velazco, V. A., De Maziere, M., Sha, M. K., Roehl, C., Chatterjee, A., Ishijima, K. 2017. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) tracks 2–3 peta-gram increase in carbon release to the atmosphere during the 2014–2016 El Niño. Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 19;7(1):13567. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​s41598-017-13459-0. Patra, P. K., Crisp, D., Kaiser, J. W., Wunch, D., Saeki, T., Ichii, K., Sekiya, T., Wennberg, P. O., Feist, D. G., Pollard, D. F., Griffith, D. W. T., Velazco, V. A., De Maziere, M., Sha, M. K., Roehl, C., Chatterjee, A., Ishijima, K. 2017. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) tracks 2–3 peta-gram increase in carbon release to the atmosphere during the 2014–2016 El Niño. Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 19;7(1):13567. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​s41598-017-13459-0.

Zurück zum Zitat Saunois, M., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Peregon, A., Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Etiope, G., Bastviken, D., Houweling, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Tubiello, F. N., Castaldi, S., Jackson, R. B., Alexe, M., Arora, V. K., Beerling, D. J., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Brovkin, V., Bruhwiler, L., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P., Covey, K., Curry, C., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Joos, F., Kim, H.-S., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Langenfelds, R., Locatelli, R., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., McDonald, K. C., Marshall, J., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Naik, V., O’Doherty, S., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Patra, P. K., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Pison, I., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Riley, W. J., Saito, M., Santini, M., Schroeder, R., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Steele, P., Takizawa, A., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., van Weele, M., van der Werf, G. R., Weiss, R., Wiedinmyer, C., Wilton, D. J., Wiltshire, A., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Xu, X., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Q. 2016a. The global methane budget 2000–2012. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8:697–751, https://​doi.​org/​10.​5194/​essd-8-697-2016, 2016. CrossRef Saunois, M., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Peregon, A., Ciais, P., Canadell, J. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Etiope, G., Bastviken, D., Houweling, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Tubiello, F. N., Castaldi, S., Jackson, R. B., Alexe, M., Arora, V. K., Beerling, D. J., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D. R., Brailsford, G., Brovkin, V., Bruhwiler, L., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P., Covey, K., Curry, C., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Joos, F., Kim, H.-S., Kleinen, T., Krummel, P., Lamarque, J.-F., Langenfelds, R., Locatelli, R., Machida, T., Maksyutov, S., McDonald, K. C., Marshall, J., Melton, J. R., Morino, I., Naik, V., O’Doherty, S., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Patra, P. K., Peng, C., Peng, S., Peters, G. P., Pison, I., Prigent, C., Prinn, R., Ramonet, M., Riley, W. J., Saito, M., Santini, M., Schroeder, R., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Steele, P., Takizawa, A., Thornton, B. F., Tian, H., Tohjima, Y., Viovy, N., Voulgarakis, A., van Weele, M., van der Werf, G. R., Weiss, R., Wiedinmyer, C., Wilton, D. J., Wiltshire, A., Worthy, D., Wunch, D., Xu, X., Yoshida, Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Q. 2016a. The global methane budget 2000–2012. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8:697–751, https://​doi.​org/​10.​5194/​essd-8-697-2016, 2016. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Saunois, M., Jackson, R. B., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Canadell, J. G. 2016b. The growing role of methane in anthropogenic climate change. Environ. Res. Lett. 11:120207 https://​doi.​org/​10.​1088/​1748-9326/​11/​12/​120207. CrossRef Saunois, M., Jackson, R. B., Bousquet, P., Poulter, B., Canadell, J. G. 2016b. The growing role of methane in anthropogenic climate change. Environ. Res. Lett. 11:120207 https://​doi.​org/​10.​1088/​1748-9326/​11/​12/​120207. CrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry. An Analysis of Global Change. Second edition. Academic Press, San Diego, USA. Schlesinger, W. H. 1997. Biogeochemistry. An Analysis of Global Change. Second edition. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.