1 Introduction
2 Experimental section
2.1 Materials
2.2 Synthesis of PVP coated ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Structural analysis
Materials | 2θ (deg) | FWHM (β) | d spacing (Å) | Cos θ (deg) | Crystallite size (nm) | Lattice constant (Å) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe3O4
| 335.45 | 0.66 | 2.52 | 0.9526 | 12.66 | 8.357 |
Zn0.01Fe2O4
| 332.92 | 0.40 | 2.71 | 0.9588 | 20.77 | 8.988 |
Zn0.02Fe2O4
| 335.38 | 1.00 | 2.53 | 0.9526 | 8.35 | 8.391 |
Zn0.03Fe2O4
| 335.48 | 0.75 | 2.52 | 0.9593 | 11.14 | 8.357 |
Zn0.04Fe2O4
| 335.35 | 0.87 | 2.53 | 0.9526 | 9.60 | 8.391 |
3.2 Functional group analysis
Frequencies (cm−1) | Tentative vibrational assignments | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe3O4
| Zn0.01 MFe2O4
| Zn0.02 MFe2O4
| Zn0.03 MFe2O4
| Zn0.04 MFe2O4
| |
– | – | – | – | – | O–H stretching |
– | – | – | – | 3563 | |
– | – | 3775 | – | – | |
– | – | – | 1619 | 1618 | C=O asymmetric stretching |
– | 2294 | – | – | – | C=H stretching |
– | 1100 | 1112 | 1102 | 1101 | C–H bending mode |
540 | 542 | 549 | 550 | 543 | O\Mtet\O bond at tetrahedron position |
470 | 460 | 457 | 470 | 455 | O\Moct\O bond at octahedron position |
3.3 Morphological analysis
Element | Peak area | Area sigma | K factor | Abs Corrn. | Weight % | Weight % sigma | Atomic % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O | 26,252 | 311 | 1.871 | 1.000 | 28.29 | 0.26 | 57.94 |
Fe | 104,542 | 516 | 1.191 | 1.000 | 71.71 | 0.26 | 42.06 |
Total | 100 |
Element | Peak area | Area sigma | K factor | Abs Corrn. | Weight % | Weight % sigma | Atomic % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O | 16,144 | 243 | 1.871 | 1.000 | 32.99 | 0.37 | 63.69 |
Fe | 44,258 | 336 | 1.191 | 1.000 | 57.55 | 0.37 | 31.84 |
Zn | 5926 | 148 | 1.462 | 1.000 | 9.46 | 0.37 | 4.47 |
Total | 100 |
3.4 Magnetic characterization
Sample | Crystallite size (nm) | Ms (emu g−1) | Mr (emu g−1) | Hci (Oe) | μB = M × [MS/5585] | Mr/Ms
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe3O4
| 12.66 | 10.064 | 2.3715 | 1817.7 | 4.34 × 10−4
| 0.2356 |
Zn0.03Fe2O4
| 11.14 | 23.451 | 751.58 | 210.03 | 10.1 × 10−4
| 32.0489 |