Introduction
Theoretical background
Integrating digital tools into technology education
Digital tablets in Swedish preschool teaching
Aims of the study
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What educational activities with digital tablets do teachers engage in Swedish preschools?
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What are preschool teachers’:
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Views of the educational benefits and disadvantages of using digital tablets in teaching?
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Recommendations for using digital tablets in teaching practice?
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Method
Study context and survey design
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics and features of the survey respondents
Demographic and context features | Proportion of sample (%)* |
---|---|
Gender
| |
Female | 96.0 |
Male | 3.4 |
Other | 0.6 |
Age
| |
20–30 | 16.4 |
31–40 | 27.2 |
41–50 | 31.3 |
51–60 | 21.1 |
≥ 61 | 4.0 |
Pedagogical role
| |
Preschool teacher | 76.5 |
Childminder | 18.1 |
Other | 5.4 |
Level of education
| |
Compulsory school | 4.7 |
Gymnasium (upper secondary) | 19.3 |
Post-secondary (3 years or less) | 21.4 |
Post-secondary (> 3 years) | 66.8 |
Graduate studies | 1.2 |
Preschool location in Sweden
| |
Northern Sweden | 13.0 |
Central Sweden | 43.0 |
Southern Sweden | 44.0 |
Available digital tablets per preschool division** | |
1–2 | 55.0 |
3–4 | 39.4 |
5 or more | 6.6 |
Emerging themes of digital tablet activities with children in preschool education
Overall activity theme | Main category description | Incid. | Sub-category description | Example of response |
---|---|---|---|---|
Subject-related | Language: developing the use of language in different forms | 144/288 (50%) | Developing spoken and written vocabulary, concepts and symbols | “Working with linguistic awareness and facilitating reading and writing using the Bornholm play app” |
Communicative forms of expression such as artistic creation | “Using the app Puffarna, which allows children to express their feelings through colour and shape” | |||
Technology and Science: hands-on and active exploration of content | 128/288 (44%) | Technology: explore technology by creating and constructing | “Stimulating an interest in programming by using various applications in the subject” | |
Science: plants, animals, sustainable development, physics and chemistry | “To find out facts about the human body and nature, the tablet is taken to the woods and used to search” | |||
Mathematics: engaging and developing maths concepts and skills | 85/288 (29%) | – | “To develop and discover mathematics with the children, different maths applications are used” | |
Themes: thematic approaches engaging focused work | 40/288 (14%) | – | “Choosing different applications to work with several children at the same time in larger projects based on the curriculum and the children’s interests” | |
Social skills-related | Cooperation and values: engendering different types of cooperation and democratic principles | 45/288 (16%) | – | “Applications are chosen to promote interaction and socialization, the children work together with the digital tablet and not individually so much” |
Generic skills- related | Documentation and reflection: analysing and developing activities by discussing and reflecting together | 156/288 (54%) | Individual documentation and reflection | “Children photograph freely and document alone” |
Joint documentation and reflection | “They do the pedagogical documentation together with the children where the parents also get insight” | |||
Fact searching: engaging applications without a constrained focus | 117/288 (41%) | – | “They are looking for facts about different things with the children” | |
Critical thinking: knowledge and tools to strengthen critical thinking abilities | 48/288 (17%) | – | “…sit with the children when working with tablets so to discuss and challenge children’s thoughts” |
Emerging technology education activities with digital tablets in relation to the new preschool curriculum
Technology content area | Examples of technology related education activities described in survey responses | Example of app or program used |
---|---|---|
Programming | Using digital tablet apps in the programming of robotic movements on the floor We build robots with Robot Lab and then go to the programming app Light Boel. As a prize, we play dress up and walk on large self-built [obstacle] courses | Blue-bot
Robot Lab, Light Boel
|
Invention | Children build their own inventions using applications Used frequently in connection with railway construction “in reality”. The children then build both a digital and analogue rail |
Pettson’s Inventions
Brio World
|
Construction and creation | [We] look for images and movies of construction to inspire children’s building of their own [artefacts]. Also, draw them on paper We are inspired by the construction and building from other preschools, for example, we have searched for car tracks and then built our own [from our] own ideas |
YouTube
You Tube
|
Problem solving | The kids assemble jigsaw puzzles and solve different problems Problem solving |
Windosill
Inventioneers
|
Design (technology enhanced design investigations) | Using a WiFi microscope to explore objects. The magnified images allow children to visualize objects at higher levels of detail |
WiFi microscope together with Ucam
|
Design | The children create books and [narrative] series with their own pictures |
Strip Design
|
Emerging themes of the advantages and limitations of using digital tablets in preschool education
Category description | Incid. | Example of response |
---|---|---|
Meaningful opportunities for participatory and collaborative learning and for children to influence the learning activities | 102/219 (46%) | “Many possibilities are created for reflection based on the children’s experiences” “The children film what is going on in the yard and we get to follow the ride on the slide in the film” “Children become much more involved and collaborative than before” |
The digital instrument’s flexibility, adaptability and ease of use | 91/219 (42%) | “The children can photograph/film themselves” “Easy to use for both children and adults” “It is easily accessible” |
The ease of finding facts. Possibility for children to have real-time access to information during activities, which also demonstrates that knowledge can be obtained from sources other than the teacher | 41/219 (19%) | “To find information and to research something with the children” “One can quickly search for an answer with the children” “Easy to bring [with] to the forest and ‘Google’ about facts about something we wonder about” |
Category description | Incid. | Example of response |
---|---|---|
Limited resources to adequately implement digital tablet usage (such as limited time, limited equipment and limited staff) | 81/218 (37%) | “To have time to engage each child and challenge them” “We educators have too little time to look for new good apps and applications” “It may become a babysitter, if you have many children but few staff, it’s easy to place the kids at the iPad to keep it [the classroom] calm” “That we only have one iPad for 21 children and three adults” “We have too few iPads and projectors today” |
Increased educational demands and expected pedagogical implementation by teachers | 65/218 (30%) | “The use [of digital tablets] imposes demands on the pedagogue” “The tablet is a requirement in order to be able to work towards the new goals of the curriculum” “When used without a conscious purpose. It was difficult [to implement] before we decided in the work team what to use digital tablet for” |
Teachers’ lack of digital skills and knowledge about how to use digital tablets | 60/218 (28%) | “Lack of knowledge among educators. Low skills cause a fear of using [tablets]” “That educators do not dare to take [use] the tablet” |
Reaching a trade-off between promoting children’s self-governing of their own learning and their access to digital tablet activities | 30/218 (14%) | “The children get fixated with the digital tablet and this is always their first choice if possible, they drop other play” “They get crazy and everyone wants to play with the iPad, just waiting for their turn and you can [have to] ask them to go play with something else while they wait” |
Emerging themes of preschool teachers’ recommendations for using digital tablets in teaching praxis
Category description | Incid. | Example of response |
---|---|---|
Stipulate clearer and more informative curriculum guidelines for the implementation of digital tablets | 108/191 (56%) | “Clear guidelines for use. Why and what do you want to achieve. What thought did you [the pedagogue] have?” “Ask yourself [the pedagogue]: What do the children develop through this? What goals do we [educators] have? Do we follow the curriculum through this?” |
Establish a compromise in how municipal and school management levels can work more systematically with tablet implementation at grassroots level | 85/191 (44%) | “Bad knowledge/involvement usually at the management level of digitization […]” “Within preschool we are at very different levels [of digital implementation]” |
Provide all teachers with training and knowledge in digital skills | 72/191 (38%) | “To give all educators the opportunity to learn digital skills in working hours. Today, it is highly dependent on one’s own interest and own commitment” “Educate those who do not have knowledge so that those with the knowledge are not the only ones who perform the work” |
Give children the opportunity to influence tablet activities. Take into account the interests of the children and adapt the environment to the needs of the children | 45/191 (24%) | “Invest in preschool to raise children’s awareness of technology and how it works” “Be on the children’s level and work on their interests and prerequisites” |
Adapt equipment and resources to preschool needs. Time for planning, implementation, subsequent work and good access to functional equipment | 29/191 (15%) | “It requires a larger budget for purchasing and service agreements, colour cartridges, etc. without loss of other activities and materials” “More digital tablets for the children, one [tablet] per department with 18 children is too little” |