3.1.1 Sustainability risks and opportunities on the asset side: overview
Against the background of insurers’ significant investment volumes, sustainability risks and opportunities on the asset side are of high relevance.
Major issues that can potentially arise from sustainability risks on the asset side include credit risk, market (price) risk, and liquidity risk,
15 as described by, e.g., the German supervisory authority BaFin (
2020, p. 18) with the following examples: Credit or counterparty risk can materialize if a company (partially) defaults due to political decisions with respect to ESG aspects that negatively impact the company’s business model such as a carbon dioxide (CO2) tax.
16 Market expectations regarding such political or regulatory ESG measures can also imply market (price) risk of non-sustainable investments by way of depreciation. Finally, liquidity risk may arise in case of a natural catastrophe where a significant number of customers withdraws funds from their accounts to finance losses. Besides climate risks being the dominant issue, further ESG risks, including water scarcity and their impact on assets, are increasingly assessed by financial firms as well (UNEP
2017, p. 41). Other relevant issues or themes are further presented in the Impact Investing Market Map, including renewable energy, education or health (PRI Association
2018a).
While risks can arise from investing in firms that are vulnerable to the consequences of future climate change, for instance, opportunities arise as well when focusing on companies that are particularly resilient to such a development as already emphasized by Herweijer et al. (
2009, p. 365). They point out that such an analysis is of high relevance for climate-sensitive sectors, including real estate, municipal bonds and infrastructure funds. An identification of investment opportunities in terms of sustainable firms and projects should also take into account the investment time horizon with a forward-looking approach (Herweijer et al.
2009, p. 365), which is still a valid recommendation today.
Insurance companies might also seize sustainability opportunities by investing in infrastructure projects and by forming public-private partnerships. Swiss Re (
2020, p. 23) for instance, estimates “an annual USD 920 billion opportunity for long-term investors over the next 20 years” in emerging markets and expects that “[infrastructure] projects can deliver attractive yields to help insurers match their long-term liabilities, while also offering region and asset class diversification, and opportunity for environmentally and socially responsible investing”.
17 A large amount of financial resources is also needed for the transition towards a decarbonized and climate-resilient infrastructure. Insurance companies are seen as a possible key investor in this context (Golnaraghi
2018).
However, there also exists a number of obstacles which need to be removed first so that insurers can unfold the full potential of their financial capacity, such as complex regulatory restrictions and capital requirements (Golnaraghi
2018), a lack of transparency with respect to data or an insufficient availability of infrastructure investment opportunities in the market (Gatzert and Kosub
2017).
3.1.2 How to deal with sustainability risks and opportunities on the asset side
Given that there is a multitude of definitions and concepts, we follow the GSIA (
2019, p. 3) as a global sustainable investment organizations’ network by applying the “inclusive definition of sustainable investing, without drawing distinctions between this and related terms such as responsible investing and socially responsible investing” (see also Gatzert and Reichel
2020b). Insurance companies might follow the UN-PRI (or in a broader sense the PSI) in order to apply a sustainable investment approach. In this context, sustainable investment strategies most often include
ESG incorporation as an approach, where “asset managers complement traditional, quantitative techniques of analyzing financial risk and return with qualitative and quantitative analyses of ESG policies, performance, practices and impacts” (USSIF
2018, p. 13).
18 ESG incorporation is typically considered to comprise strategies such as ESG integration, negative screening, positive/best-in-class screening and sustainability themed investing. Next to ESG incorporation, engagement (active ownership) represents an additional strategy (PRI Association
2018b; USSIF
2018).
19 Besides implementing (selected) strategies through their own asset manager, insurers might alternatively use external providers including asset management firms or rating agencies (services).
Apart from sustainable investment strategies and asset classes, asset risks can also be assessed by conducting scenario analyses, thereby taking into account, e.g., the recommendations of the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD
2017b) with respect to transition scenarios and broader physical scenarios of climate change with relevance for both assets and liabilities.
Transition scenarios provide “plausible pathways to particular target outcomes” (TCFD
2017b, p. 15) (without statistical likelihoods), e.g. a transition towards a low-carbon economy, a 2 °C scenario, certain CO2 concentration levels, or a net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenario by 2050.
20 The process can thus be helpful for firms to understand the time horizon and the potential negative or positive (financial) impact of such a transition towards a low-carbon economy on various industry sectors depending on, e.g., their energy demand and energy prices (BaFin
2020, p. 35).
Physical scenarios use outputs of global climate models to focus on the (financial) impact of physical risks from climate change such as from drought or flooding. However, the downscaling of these scenarios to the impact on a regional or local level seems to need further work (TCFD
2017b, p. 24), which also represents a barrier for a broad practical application in insurance companies, as (regional) flood or heavy rain are difficult (if at all) to predict, with resulting uncertainty regarding their impact on firms and thus asset values. Furthermore, the BaFin (
2020, p. 35) also cautions that some of the scenarios in transition risk assessment based on IAM were deemed inappropriate.
21
With respect to climate scenario analyses of the investment portfolio, the UN-PRI supported
2° Investing Initiative offers an open-source and free of charge tool in this context, also known as the
Paris Agreement Capital Transition Assessment or
PACTA tool. Until June 2020, around 1000 financial firms have already used the online tool in order to assess the impact of a 2 °C scenario transition on their listed equity and corporate bonds investment portfolios, which also allows to align with the TCFD (
2017a) recommendations. The initiative also collaborates with several supervisory authorities such as the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA).
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An application of the TCFD (
2017b) recommendations is also conducted by a Working Group coordinated by the Finance Initiative of UN Environment with focus on the banking industry, which resulted in two publications. While the UNEP (
2018) report as first part focuses on the assessment of the potential impact of a low-carbon policy and technological transition to mitigate climate change on the
credit risk of corporate loan portfolios, i.e. transition risks and opportunities, the second report by UN Environment (
2018) also concentrates on risks and opportunities emerging from corporate loan portfolios, but related to physical impacts.
In UNEP (
2018), three scenarios with a 1.5 °C, 2 °C, and 4 °C global average temperature increase until the year 2100 are tested in the sense of a sensitivity analysis. To assess transition risks for a firm from the energy sector, for instance, scenarios model its future energy mix along with other variables such as electricity prices, and then the resulting revenues and (emissions) costs among other financial variables. They also compare high vs. low carbon intensity/regulated and unregulated segments. The presented case studies further focus on oil and gas as well as the metal and mining sectors. In addition, a market opportunities assessment is done to identify attractive segments, which is then contrasted with the bank’s capabilities (competitive market, risk appetite, operational capacity) (UNEP
2018, pp. 60–61).
UN Environment (
2018, p. 9) continues this work by focusing on physical risks of climate change, taking into account both incremental climate shifts as well as changes in extreme climate events. The impact on the credit risk of agriculture and energy sector portfolios is assessed by looking at sector productivity, revenue and cost of goods sold, and the probability of default, as well as the effect on real estate portfolios (property values, loan-to-value ratios).
In addition or instead of long-term temperature-based scenarios, stress tests can be conducted to assess the effect of sudden changes in policies and technologies on credit and market risks, for instance (UNEP
2018, p. 10). However, as laid out above, the transfer and applicability of scenarios to (e.g. regional) settings and the assessment of the impact is likely highly difficult in practice for many insurers.
3.1.3 Empirical insight from the literature and (industry) surveys on current practices
In their text mining analysis of annual, sustainability- and investment-related reports and documents of listed European and US insurance companies, Gatzert and Reichel (
2020b) observe a strong increase in the number of insurers with a sustainable investment approach over time, especially in the European insurance market. Most important are the application of
impact investing and
ESG integration in reports and documents, which is also supported by the Geneva Association survey in Golnaraghi (
2018) based on interviews with 62 C-level executives from 21 international (re-)insurance companies. Gatzert and Reichel (
2020b) find that this ranking has been rather stable over time and does not substantially differ for the considered European and US insurance companies.
However, despite the increasing consideration of ESG issues by insurers, Golnaraghi (
2018) concludes that insurance companies are still confronted with numerous challenges on the asset side. The challenges for insurers aiming to support a transition towards a low-carbon economy, and also of relevance for ESG issues, are broken down into five areas (major issues in brackets):
financing and market-related factors (lack of general standards and definitions),
financial and insurance regulations (regulatory capital requirements),
climate change-related policies and regulatory frameworks (uncertainties),
technology (risk-return issues in the markets for green technologies) and
data and transparency for informed investing (standardization in reporting and stress testing) (Golnaraghi
2018, pp. 21–22).
One key barrier in the investment context thereby represents the first and last area, i.e. the lack of knowledge and data, as ESG data is typically only available for listed (and large-cap) firms and generally not for corporate bonds of small and medium-sized enterprises, which however are relevant for insurers’ asset portfolios. To add to the complexity, whether a business model is “sustainable” or not may also depend on the region (e.g. sufficient water sources etc.). With respect to thermal coal mining or coal power generation, different di- or investment approaches exist in the insurers’ asset management as well.
23 Further problems arise from the question of (out-/under-)performance of these investments, which is strongly mixed (see discussion in Sect. 3.4). Moreover, high costs can arise from ESG integration and other techniques (Golnaraghi
2018), and institutional investors also mention valuation and modeling limitations in the context of ESG integration (OECD
2017, p. 37). Against this background, most insurers use ESG ratings of firms by MSCI (Golnaraghi
2018).
Overall, these challenges might represent a possible explanation that 41% of the 80 largest insurers worldwide still lack a climate-aligned investment approach as highlighted by the AODP&SA (
2018) survey. Climate scenario and portfolio emissions analyses continue to be rather in their early stages as well and around 1% of the assets under management are estimated as low-carbon investment.
Besides the UN-PRI initiative, other current initiatives that might intensify the application of sustainable investment strategies on the asset side of insurers and thus increase the future transparency of climate risk exposures, include the
UN-convened Net-Zero Asset Owner Alliance, which was initiated in 2019. By aligning investments with the Paris Agreement, i.e. a 1.5 °C scenario, the aim of net-zero GHG emissions within institutional investors’ portfolios shall be accomplished in 2050 at the latest.
24 Furthermore, signatories of the
Montréal Carbon Pledge, another UN-PRI supported initiative, make a commitment to annually capture, publish and lower their investments’ carbon footprint.
25 Also, since 2000, the stakeholder-driven
Carbon Disclosure Project supports firms and public bodies (e.g. cities or states) to identify, manage and disclose risks and opportunities resulting from environmental issues with a special focus on climate change.
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