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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Sustainable Development of the Oceans: Closing the Gaps in the International Legal Framework

verfasst von : Glen Wright, Julien Rochette, Thomas Greiber

Erschienen in: Legal Aspects of Sustainable Development

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The world’s oceans are critical providers of ecosystem services and they are under increasing pressure from expanding and intensifying human activities. A range of international instruments and institutions aim to regulate maritime activities, though some legal gaps in the international framework remain. In particular, areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) lack an overarching regulatory framework, with no provisions for marine protected areas, environmental impact assessment, or access and benefit sharing in relation to marine genetic resources. There are also gaps and weakness in the international framework for the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources. In this chapter, we highlight these gaps, outline relevant ongoing processes to fill them, and propose ways forward.

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Fußnoten
1
See The International Seabed Authority (ISA) has entered into 26 exploration contracts in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and is currently in the process of developing regulations regarding the exploitation of deepsea mineral resources.
 
2
Article 192.
 
3
Article 194.
 
4
Article 206.
 
5
The High Seas cover the water column beyond the Economic Exclusive Zone of Coastal States.
 
6
Defined as ‘the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction’. Art. 1(1).
 
7
Technology transfer and capacity building are undoubtedly a crucial part of the overall sustainable development framework, though the legal gaps are arguably less pronounced than in the other areas. Article 144 of UNCLOS (1982) outlines the principles of technology transfer in relation to the Area—these could be extended to all of ABNJ—while the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) has developed non-legally binding Criteria and Guidelines on Transfer of Marine Technology (2003). UNCLOS (1982) also promotes the strengthening and establishment of national and regional centres for marine science and technology (Articles 275 and 276).
 
8
Article 15.1 of the CBD and Article 3 of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (Nagoya Protocol).
 
9
Article 133(a) UNCLOS.
 
10
Resolution 2749 (XXV): Declaration of Principles Governing the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor, and the Subsoil Thereof, beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, 12 December 1970, A/RES/25/2749. In contrast to the Part XI regime of UNCLOS, Resolution 2749 does not define the term ‘resources of the Area’ and thus does not limit it only to minerals/non-living resources.
 
11
Article 87–88 UNCLOS.
 
12
Articles 242, 244 and Articles 143.3, 144.2 UNCLOS.
 
13
See also the Annex to the Nagoya Protocol and its indicative lists of monetary and non-monetary benefits.
 
14
Articles 242 and 143.3(a).
 
15
Articles 244.1 and 143.3(c).
 
16
Articles 244.2 and 144.2.
 
17
The scope of application of the 1986 Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region (Noumea Convention), the 1992 Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-east Atlantic (OSPAR Convention) and the 1995 Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention) extend to ABNJ.
 
18
Strict liability holds a company liable for all damages, regardless of whether or not they arise from activities carried out within the permit provided.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Sustainable Development of the Oceans: Closing the Gaps in the International Legal Framework
verfasst von
Glen Wright
Julien Rochette
Thomas Greiber
Copyright-Jahr
2016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26021-1_27