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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

36. Sustainable Shipping

verfasst von : Ciarán McCarthy, B.L., Bénédicte Sage-Fuller

Erschienen in: Handbook on Marine Environment Protection

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Shipping is responsible for a substantial part of the oceans’ pollution through, for example, the discharge of CO2, SOx and NOx air emissions, the operational and accidental discharge of oil and other hazardous substances into the sea, bio-fouling and the spread of Non-Native Indigenous Species. Sustainable shipping is therefore a priority of the international community. This chapter will examine sustainable shipping in the context of International Law and relations and will explain the principles of flag, coastal and port State jurisdiction, and the actions taken by the relevant international organisations in pursuit of this goal. The chapter will provide a brief overview of the system of Port State Control and will refer to the example of the European Union to demonstrate the regional legislative action that can be taken to consolidate and further international law. A case study of the regulation of the spread of invasive aquatic species through ballast water will show the tensions at play at international level that can act to prevent effective action. Finally, the chapter will provide an exposition of the main liability and compensation regimes.

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Fußnoten
1
The current Paris MOU is the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control Including 38th Amendment, adopted 22 May 2015 (effective date: 1 July 2015). Available at <https://​www.​parismou.​org/​system/​files/​Paris%20​MoU%2C%20​incl%20​38th%20​amendment%20​%28final%29_​0.​pdf > (date accessed: 2 June 2016).
 
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Zurück zum Zitat Vorbach J (2001) The vital role of non-flag state actors in the pursuit of safer shipping. Ocean Dev Int Law 32:27–42CrossRef Vorbach J (2001) The vital role of non-flag state actors in the pursuit of safer shipping. Ocean Dev Int Law 32:27–42CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wan Z, Zhu M, Chen S, Sperling D (2016) Pollution: three steps to a green shipping industry [Electronic version]. Nature 530:275–277CrossRef Wan Z, Zhu M, Chen S, Sperling D (2016) Pollution: three steps to a green shipping industry [Electronic version]. Nature 530:275–277CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Young M (2016) Then and now: reappraising freedom of the seas in modern law of the sea. Ocean Dev Int Law 47:165–185CrossRef Young M (2016) Then and now: reappraising freedom of the seas in modern law of the sea. Ocean Dev Int Law 47:165–185CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu L, Dong B, Li KX (2013) China’s 2012 regime for compensation for vessel source oil pollution: a comparative study. Ocean Dev Int Law 44:270–286CrossRef Zhu L, Dong B, Li KX (2013) China’s 2012 regime for compensation for vessel source oil pollution: a comparative study. Ocean Dev Int Law 44:270–286CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat 1966 International Convention on Load Lines (LL), 640 UNTS 133 (n.d.) 1966 International Convention on Load Lines (LL), 640 UNTS 133 (n.d.)
Zurück zum Zitat 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC), 973 UNTS 3 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC), 973 UNTS 3
Zurück zum Zitat 1969 International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (Tonnage), 1291 UNTS 3 (1969) 1969 International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (Tonnage), 1291 UNTS 3 (1969)
Zurück zum Zitat 1972 Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 1050 UNTS 16 (1972) 1972 Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 1050 UNTS 16 (1972)
Zurück zum Zitat 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 1340 UNTS 184 and 1978 Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1340 UNTS 61. Annex I (Oil) Regulation 38. Annex II (Noxious liquid substances in bulk) Regulation 18, Annex IV (Sewage) Regulation 12, Annex V (Garbage) Regulation 7 and Annex VI (Air pollution) Regulation 17 (n.d.) 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 1340 UNTS 184 and 1978 Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1340 UNTS 61. Annex I (Oil) Regulation 38. Annex II (Noxious liquid substances in bulk) Regulation 18, Annex IV (Sewage) Regulation 12, Annex V (Garbage) Regulation 7 and Annex VI (Air pollution) Regulation 17 (n.d.)
Zurück zum Zitat 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1184 UNTS 278, as amended by the 1978 Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1226 UNTS 237 and the 1988 Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, IMO Doc.: HSSC/CONF/11 (1974) 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1184 UNTS 278, as amended by the 1978 Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1226 UNTS 237 and the 1988 Protocol relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, IMO Doc.: HSSC/CONF/11 (1974)
Zurück zum Zitat 1976 ILO Convention No. 147 Concerning Minimum Standards on Merchant Ships (ILO 147), 1259 UNTS 335 (n.d.) 1976 ILO Convention No. 147 Concerning Minimum Standards on Merchant Ships (ILO 147), 1259 UNTS 335 (n.d.)
Zurück zum Zitat 1978 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1361 UNTS 2; as amended by the 1995 Protocol (Amendments to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers 1978) 2052 UNTS 94) and the Manila Amendments (Amendments to the annex to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978) STCW/CONF.2/33 1978 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1361 UNTS 2; as amended by the 1995 Protocol (Amendments to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers 1978) 2052 UNTS 94) and the Manila Amendments (Amendments to the annex to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978) STCW/CONF.2/33
Zurück zum Zitat 1979 International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1405 UNTS 97 (1979) 1979 International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1405 UNTS 97 (1979)
Zurück zum Zitat 1982 Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in Implementing Agreements on Maritime Safety and Protection of the Marine Environment (Paris MOU), 21 I.L.M. 1 (1982) 1982 Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in Implementing Agreements on Maritime Safety and Protection of the Marine Environment (Paris MOU), 21 I.L.M. 1 (1982)
Zurück zum Zitat 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1833 UNTS 3 (1982) 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1833 UNTS 3 (1982)
Zurück zum Zitat 1992 Protocol to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 29 November 1969 (CLC PROT 1992), 1956 UNTS 255 1992 Protocol to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 29 November 1969 (CLC PROT 1992), 1956 UNTS 255
Zurück zum Zitat 1996 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 35 I.L.M. 1415 (1996); as amended by the 2010 Protocol to the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, IMO Doc. LEG/CONF.17/10 1996 International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 35 I.L.M. 1415 (1996); as amended by the 2010 Protocol to the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, IMO Doc. LEG/CONF.17/10
Zurück zum Zitat 2001 International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships (Anti-Fouling Convention), [2008] ATS 15/AFS/CONF/26 2001 International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships (Anti-Fouling Convention), [2008] ATS 15/AFS/CONF/26
Zurück zum Zitat 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWC), IMO Doc. BWM/CONF/36 (2004) 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWC), IMO Doc. BWM/CONF/36 (2004)
Zurück zum Zitat 2006 Maritime Labour Convention (MLC), 45 I.L.M. 792 (2006) 2006 Maritime Labour Convention (MLC), 45 I.L.M. 792 (2006)
Metadaten
Titel
Sustainable Shipping
verfasst von
Ciarán McCarthy, B.L.
Bénédicte Sage-Fuller
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60156-4_36