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2022 | Buch

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System-Materials Nanoarchitectonics

herausgegeben von: Dr. Yutaka Wakayama, Prof. Dr. Katsuhiko Ariga

Verlag: Springer Japan

Buchreihe : NIMS Monographs

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book is the first publication to widely introduce the contributions of nanoarchitectonics to the development of functional materials and systems. The book opens up pathways to novel nanotechnology based on bottom-up techniques. In fields of nanotechnology, theoretical and practical limitations are expected in the bottom-up nanofabrication process. Instead, some supramolecular processes for nano- and microstructure formation including molecular recognition, self-assembly, and template synthesis have gained great attention as novel key technologies to break through expected limitations in current nanotechnology. This volume describes future images of nanotechnology and related materials and device science as well as practical applications for energy and biotechnology. Readers including specialists, non-specialists, graduate students, and undergraduate students can focus on the parts of the book that interest and concern them most. Target fields include materials chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, and even biotechnology.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Correction to: Wavelength-Selective Photothermal Infrared Sensors

Tadaaki Nagao, Dao Duy Thang, Doan Tung Anh, Satoshi Ishii, Toshihide Nabatame

What is Nanoarchitectonics?

Frontmatter

What is Nanoarchitectonics?

Abstract

Developing functional materials and systems logically fabricated with nanoscale structural precision can save resources, generate energy, reduce emissions, reduce environmental impact, and enable the efficient handling of information. In the coming days, society will be supported by scientific and technological applications capable of regulating nanoscale structures. The term nanotechnology was initially proposed by Richard Feynman, who foresaw huge possibilities for science and technology in nanoscale spaces. This nanotechnology has now further evolved into nanoarchitectonics. Masakazu Aono initiated the novel concept of nanoarchitectonics to unify these potentially complementary scientific disciplines into a single methodology. It can be roughly said that under the nanoarchitectonics concept, functional materials and systems are architecturally designed by organizing nanoscale units into larger functional objects. The nanoarchitectonics concept has been accepted by various research fields, including structural fabrication, materials production, device, energy, environment, catalyst, biological, and biomedical applications, as will be discussed in the following chapters in this book.

Katsuhiko Ariga, Masakazu Aono

Nanostructured Materials and Their Construction

Frontmatter

Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanowires

Abstract

Semiconductor nanowires are an exciting type of material with all sorts of unusual properties compared to their bulk counterparts. There have already been countless demonstrations of how nanowire based devices can improve the efficiency of solar cells, photodetectors, and other optoelectronics. However, in order for these materials to be practical, effective synthesis techniques are needed that can produce nanowires with a high yield and uniformity at a low cost. In this chapter, the scope of nanowires will be narrowed to three materials, Si, Ge, and ZnO. For the first two materials, vapor–liquid solid techniques will be discussed, with special care placed on doping techniques, and how Raman spectroscopy can be used to help characterize the level and type of doping. For ZnO, the advantages of the solution based hydrothermal method will be discussed, with discussion on the controversy surrounding its p-type doping and methods that have shown reproducible success, namely the use of Sb and the unusual defects that form inside the nanowire during the doping process. This is meant as a starting point to pique the curiosity of those who have an interest in studying nanowires but are unsure where to start.

Ken C. Pradel, Naoki Fukata

Nanoparticle Biomarkers Adapted for Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

Abstract

We demonstrate recent advances in biomarkers of inorganic nanocrystals working in the near–infrared (NIR) wavelength range to highlight their potentials for in-vitro and in-vivo fluorescence imaging. Since inorganic nanocrystals are intrinsically stable against photo–irradiation and heat, biochemists expect to observe the long-term fluorescence of targeted cells or organs marked with biomarkers of inorganic nanocrystals. This chapter describes the recently developed NIR-light emitting biomarkers adapted for in-vitro and in-vivo imaging, and their toxicological study. At the end of this chapter, the last few years of progress in bioimaging will be outlined with possible future trends of NIR-light emitting biomarkers. It is also pointed out that the biomarkers of inorganic nanocrystals exhibit a potential risk associated with the accumulation of their constituent elements in organs. To minimize the risk, biocompatible inorganic nanocrystals are highlighted in this chapter. These biomarkers are expected to be used in various medical applications such as image-guided surgery for tumor removal and telemedicine for medication management.

Naoto Shirahata

Frontiers in Mesoscale Materials Design

Abstract

Mesoscale materials are part of a new class of composite multiscale architectures that include porous materials, layered compounds, and nanocrystal assemblies with controlled compositions and morphologies. These materials have large surface areas and catalytically active surfaces that make them useful for a variety of practical applications including batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, chemical sensors, field emitters, and photonic devices. We describe some cutting-edge work in our lab derived from the design principles of materials nanoarchitectonics.

Yusuke Ide, Joel Henzie, Kenya Kani, Yusuke Yamauchi

Wavelength-Selective Photothermal Infrared Sensors

Abstract

Wavelength-specific thermal absorbers and emitters, or spectroscopic energy transducers for infrared (IR) light, are expected to provide a wide variety of applications in energy harvesting and remote and perceptive sensors for internet of things (IoT) devices. In particular, narrowband perfect absorption and emission in the IR region are critical prerequisites for modern spectroscopy and energy applications, such as nondispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensors (fixed-wavelength infrared gas sensors), multiwavelength pyrometers, IR radiative heaters/coolers, and thermo-photovoltaics. The technology to control thermal emission and absorption has recently been rapidly progressing with the development of nanotechnologies, especially in the fields of plasmonics and metamaterials. In this chapter, we demonstrate our methodology to achieve narrowband perfect absorption and signal transduction based on 2D and 3D nanoarchitectures combined with IR plasmonic materials. We introduce some of our recently developed uncooled IR detectors combined with spectroscopic perfect absorbers for wavelength-selective IR ray detection. The 2D plasmonic IR sensors with pyroelectric detectors exhibit resolution better than 1 µm with wide acceptance angles. By adopting Wood’s anomaly plasmonic lattice structures composed of periodic microdisc arrays, a wavelength resolution as high as 51 nm (quality factor of 73) was achieved at an operation wavelength of 3.7 µm in the mid-IR region. The device could lead to the realization of a variety of new products, such as miniature spectroscopic IR devices for true-temperature pyrometry, gas imaging, position and motion sensing with high angular resolution, material-specific imaging, and environmental sensing.

Tadaaki Nagao, Dao Duy Thang, Doan Tung Anh, Satoshi Ishii, Toshihide Nabatame

Functional Molecular Liquids

Abstract

One of the great challenges faced upon transferring a material into a device or application is its processability, or how easy the material is to shape, cast or apply to a substrate in order to be used for a particular purpose. Solid, rigid materials often require melting, sublimation or dissolving in solution prior to casting or deposition, with a substantial energy cost, as well as the risk of thermal decomposition or chemical reaction damaging the material. Materials requiring high order for their function will also have this disrupted by such processes in the absence of careful control, which can in turn make their performance difficult to predict. As such, a soft material that can be cast at ambient temperature with a low energy cost, that remains stable to heat, that does not require order for function yet maintains a high density of functional cores should overcome these challenges to processing. The function and performance should also closely match the functional unit, dramatically simplifying the prediction thereof. In this chapter, we present an overview of a range of solvent-free, non-volatile and even ambient-temperature liquid materials: functional molecular liquids. These are produced by a straightforward design philosophy, in which a functional molecule is appended to bulky and disordered liquefying groups to produce highly processible liquids without loss of function. Planar aromatic molecules can be converted to fluid fluorescent or phosphorescent substances, tunable through blending with other chemical entities to alter or augment these functions, generating complex nanosystems. Macrocyclic systems can be used to produce electrochromic and solvatochromic liquids, from which vibration-sensitive electronic devices can be produced. Spherical fullerene nanocarbons retain their electrochemical properties and show tendencies towards the self-assembly of micelles. Many functional cores are still to be rendered into such a liquid, so many avenues of investigation remain as yet unexplored.

Edward A. Neal, Takashi Nakanishi

Devices and Computation by Nanoarchitectonics

Frontmatter

Ionic Nanoarchitectonics: Creation of Polymer-Based Atomic Switch and Decision-Making Device

Abstract

In order to realize a super-smart society for the next generation, not only conventional semiconductor devices but also novel devices that operate on completely different principles have been attracting much attention. As one group of these new concept devices, solid-state nanoionic devices that operate using local ion movement in solids are expected. In this devices, interesting physical properties are generated by nanoscale structural modulations due to local ion movement near the interfaces between electrodes and ionic conductors (referred to as ionic nanoarchitectonics). So far, we have been controlling the point contact, the Schottky-like barrier, the solid electric double layer, the electrochemical reaction, etc. by interface modulations utilizing the ionic nanoarchitectonics. Through these controls, we have created nanoionic devices that enable various new functions such as atomic switches, artificial synapses, decision-making devices, superconducting-transition-temperature variable devices, magnetic variable devices, and band gap variable devices. In this chapter, as representative examples of nanoionic devices created using the ionic nanoarchitectonics, the atomic switch using solid polymer electrolytes and the decision-making device using ion transfer were described in detail. With the further progress of these nanoionic devices, it is expected to develop a new artificial intelligence (AI) system that performs analog information processing by using the physical properties of hardware, which is different from the conventional AI system that performs digital information processing by using software and big data.

Kazuya Terabe, Tohru Tsuruoka, Takashi Tsuchiya

Oxoporphyrinogens: Novel Dyes Based on the Fusion of Calix[4]pyrrole, Quinonoids and Porphyrins

Abstract

Redox and photoactive oxoporphyrinogens have been studied intensively for their self-assembly, photochemical and sensing properties. This nanometric molecule of approx. 2 nm diameter is an excellent platform for the synthesis of extended multichromophore systems that exhibit complex electronic and sensing properties. It can also be incorporated in composites with polymers or inorganic materials, making it a highly suitable molecule for performing nanoarchitectonic syntheses of functional materials. In this chapter, we describe the development of the synthesis, supramolecular chemistry and sensing properties of this highly versatile and highly colored molecular component.

Jonathan P. Hill, Jan Labuta

Growth and Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications of Surface Oxides on Atomically Thin WSe2

Abstract

The surface oxide is one of the most important components of metal–oxide–semiconductor heterostructures in semiconductor technology, but it can play distinct roles in atomically thin semiconductors-based heterostructures. In this review, we introduce our work on the growth of a homogeneous surface oxide on an atomically thin semiconductor of WSe₂ in a controlled manner and its use as a hole contact as well as a charge transfer dopant in the field-effect transistor. Furthermore, we show that the surface oxide can be used as an electron trap for photodetector applications.

Mahito Yamamoto, Kazuhito Tsukagoshi

Portable Toxic Gas Sensors Based on Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

Abstract

Toxic chemicals, particularly in the gaseous phase, can spread to large areas and cause serious harm to many people. Toxic gas sensors offer opportunity of recognizing the presence of toxic gases at an early stage, which can improve public safety, security, and health. In this chapter, some recent examples of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based toxic gas sensors are briefly introduced. A key in research is the design of an SWCNT-based chemiresistor for the sensitive and selective detection of the target analyte. Nerve agent sensor and formaldehyde sensor are developed, and they are integrated into near field communication device for detection of toxic gases by smartphone.

Shinsuke Ishihara

Advanced Nanomechanical Sensor for Artificial Olfactory System: Membrane-Type Surface Stress Sensor (MSS)

Abstract

In this chapter, we present a Membrane-type Surface stress Sensor (MSS) as an advanced gas-sensing technology based on the nanomechanical deformation principle. The MSS was developed as an optimized nanomechanical sensing platform working in the static mode without oscillation. While the receptor materials coated on the center membrane play an important role in the sensitivity and selectivity of the MSS, the advanced basic features of the MSS, including versatility, high sensitivity, quick response, compactness, low power consumption, and mechanical/electrical stability, make this sensor suitable for real-life applications. This chapter covers the basic principles of the sensor and some receptor material properties and different applications where the MSS was used, including in the biomedical and food industries.

Huynh Thien Ngo, Kosuke Minami, Kota Shiba, Genki Yoshikawa

Quantum Molecular Devices Toward Large-Scale Integration

Abstract

We introduce a new strategy for developing practical molecular devices that combine molecular and Si electronics. A noteworthy aspect of our devices is that organic molecules are embedded as quantum dots in an insulating layer of a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structure, which works as a double-tunnel junction. Our device structure thus enables the evaluation of quantum transport via single molecules in a practical device configuration, which is analogous with scanning tunneling spectroscopy. This finding led to the following attractive techniques for controlling tunneling currents, namely multilevel control by binary molecules and optical manipulation with photochromic molecules. Finally, we produce a vertical tunneling transistor based on the abovementioned achievements, where the MOS structure with organic molecules was utilized as a transistor channel. The transistors attained stepwise drain currents, which originated from resonant tunneling via discrete molecular orbitals. Our proposed devices therefore have the potential to allow us to integrate molecular functions into current Si devices, and to deliver unique device operations unobtainable with inorganic quantum dots.

Ryoma Hayakawa, Toyohiro Chikyow, Yutaka Wakayama

Energy and Life with Nanoarchiteconics

Frontmatter

Nanostructured Bulk Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting

Abstract

Thermoelectric materials and devices can directly convert heat energy into electrical energy and vice versa, holding great promise for energy harvesting and cooling applications. In the last two decades, the thermoelectric field has experienced a renaissance, where the most significant concept is “nanostructuring” spanning from the deepening fundamental theory, designing high-performance bulk materials, and developing high-efficiency modules and devices. In this chapter, we briefly elaborated the influence of nano-microstructural defects, including linear defects, interfacial defects, and volume defects, on phonon and electron transport behavior, where recent advances in designing high-performance bulk materials by the introduction of nano-microstructural defects are also introduced. Then, some representative examples of high-performance nanostructured thermoelectric single leg, unicouple, and modules are summarized, including the fabrication methods and measurement results. And last but not least, several critical issues about basic theory, performance optimization, and device design are discussed, including the relaxation time for real bulk materials with defects in the first principle calculations, nano-microstructural defects induced anisotropic properties, and the huge gap between thermoelectric materials and devices development.

Zihang Liu, Takao Mori

Artificial Photosynthesis: Fundamentals, Challenges, and Strategies

Abstract

As global civilization advances at an unbelievable rate, energy consumption and environmental pollution are also rapidly increasing. Meanwhile, fossil fuels, which have been our primary energy resources for all this time, will only last for a few more decades. Consequently, the search for new, clean, renewable, and sustainable energy resources as substitutes for the conventional fossil feedstock has become an essential and urgent task. The utilization of unlimited solar energy through artificial photosynthesis may become an ideal approach to fulfilling the energy demands of future human society. In this chapter, we summarize the general principles of artificial photosynthesis as well as the basic requirements for any photon-driven reaction to occur. Afterwards, three vital photocatalytic reactions (water splitting, CO₂ reduction, and N₂ fixation) are introduced briefly, followed by some discussion about the distinct challenges and strategies for each reaction. Concomitantly, we present and discuss several reports on artificial photosynthesis that demonstrated some interesting designs of various light-harvesting materials and photocatalytic systems for different applications.

Davin Philo, Hamza El-Hosainy, Shunqin Luo, Hao Huang, Fumihiko Ichihara, Jinhua Ye

Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Biofunctional polymers have been extensively studied for more than 50 years. Some of these polymers are defined as materials that respond to chemical stimuli, such as the concentration of certain chemicals and pH changes, and physical stimuli, such as heat, magnetic field, light, and electric field. They are also classified as “smart polymers”. To achieve more sophisticated drug treatments or to replace tissues/organs to improve biological functions, the use of smart polymers is essential because human beings are dynamic organisms in order to maintain a metabolic balance via the feedback system called homeostasis. Thanks to the recent development of polymer chemistry with precise control of molecular chains, smart polymer researches have entered the next era. This chapter describes the recent development of smart polymers in the biomedical fields.

Mitsuhiro Ebara

Geometrical and Mechanical Nanoarchitectonics at Interfaces Bridging Molecules with Cell Phenotypes

Abstract

Cellular activities are regulated by not only soluble factors but also extracellular matrices (ECMs) located below themselves. Similarly to soluble-factor-induced signaling, cell–ECM interactions start from molecular-level interactions between transmembrane integrin molecules and specific motifs of ECMs, accumulating various intracellular signaling molecules to transmit external cues to cellular phenotypes. However, there is a clear distinction between the two regulation mechanisms because of the nondiffusible nature of ECMs and considerable contribution of mechanical force driven by actomyosin contractility. Moreover, in the case of mechanical regulation, we need to pay attention to not only local events, but also events in distal sites, where mechanical stimuli are transmitted through cytoskeletal networks. In this regard, there is a conceptual similarity between materials nanoarchitectonics and the complex cellular system. In this chapter, we present overviews on geometrical and mechanical nanoarchitectonics in cell adhesion machinery and on how materials science approaches are crucial to understanding and reproducing physiologically relevant tissues in vitro.

Jun Nakanishi, Shota Yamamoto

Emerging Methods

Frontmatter

Electrical Measurement by Multiple-Probe Scanning Probe Microscope

Abstract

In this chapter, we will overview the electrical measurement by using multiple-probe scanning probe microscope (MP-SPM). The MP-SPM is a powerful tool that enables the measurement of the electrical properties of nanomaterials and nanosystems with atomic-scale positional accuracy. First, we show the development of the double-probe scanning tunneling microscope (DP-STM) system and the measurement method of resistivity of nanomaterials. Next, we describe the detail of an ultrasharp probe with a conductive tungsten oxide nanorod which is indispensable technique for measuring the electrical conductivity in nanoscale. Finally, we explain the development of the quadruple-probe conductive atomic force microscope (QP-c-AFM), enabling the four-probe method on an insulating substrate. As an example of electrical measurement using a QP-c-AFM, the electrical properties of a nanofiber junction in a conductive polymer nanofiber network will also be described.

Yoshitaka Shingaya, Tomonobu Nakayama

Large-Scale First-Principles Calculation Technique for Nanoarchitectonics: Local Orbital and Linear-Scaling DFT Methods with the CONQUEST Code

Abstract

Although density functional theory (DFT) is a powerful tool for clarifying the atomic and electronic structures of materials, DFT studies of complex nanostructures are usually impossible because conventional DFT methods cannot treat large systems containing many thousands of atoms. To overcome this problem, we have developed a large-scale DFT code, CONQUEST. This code uses local orbital and linear-scaling methods and has high efficiency on massively parallel computers. We demonstrate that CONQUEST can be used to calculate the atomic positions of realistic models of nanostructured materials observed in experiments and can clarify the unique electronic properties of these nanostructured materials. The code has recently been released under an open-source MIT license.

Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, Ayako Nakata, David R. Bowler

Machine Learning Approaches in Nanoarchitectonics

Abstract

Recently, diverse fields in materials science, including nanoarchitectonics, have shown interest in materials informatics, which is an emerging approach that utilizes machine learning (ML) for materials research. If ML technique is applied to materials dataset, for example, optimizing to obtain the desired property, predicting of physical quantities, understanding of materials, and upgrading of measurement technologies can be realized. In this chapter, we will introduce studies using ML for materials nanoarchitectonics. The following four topics will be discussed: (i) design of functional molecules based on artificial intelligence as an example of optimization by ML, (ii) effective model estimation of magnetic materials by Bayesian statistics as an example of understanding by ML, (iii) efficient estimation of the force field by ML as an example of prediction, and (iv) upgrading of gas sensor systems that utilize ML.

Ryo Tamura, Gaku Imamura

Backmatter

Titel: System-Materials Nanoarchitectonics
herausgegeben von: Dr. Yutaka Wakayama
Prof. Dr. Katsuhiko Ariga
Verlag: Springer Japan
Electronic ISBN: 978-4-431-56912-1
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56911-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56912-1

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