nach oben

Journal of Business Ethics

Erschienen in:

01.06.2013

Taking Credit

verfasst von: William J. Graham, William H. Cooper

Erschienen in: Journal of Business Ethics | Ausgabe 2/2013

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Taking credit is the process through which organizational members claim responsibility for work activities. We begin by describing a publically disputed case of credit taking and then draw on psychological, situational, and personality constructs to provide a model that may explain when and why organizational members are likely to take credit. We identify testable propositions about the credit-taking process, discuss ethical aspects of credit taking and suggest areas for research on credit taking in organizations.

Vorheriger Artikel Proactive CSR: An Empirical Analysis of the Role of its Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions on the Association between Capabilities and Performance

Nächster Artikel Erratum to: A Fiduciary Model of Political Ethics and Protocol for Dealing with Constituent Requests

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

While there may be cases where credit is awarded prior to a conscious bid being made (e.g., not noticing that someone has credited the individual with a contribution, perhaps during a meeting the individual did not attend) these are not cases of taking credit until the claimant becomes aware that credit has been awarded. If the individual receiving the credit then acknowledges it, then we would regard the individual as having taken credit. The claiming here is passive (although letting the audience’s perceptions stand is a conscious act). This means that no credit is taken when credit is awarded and the individual remains unaware that credit has been awarded. We expect these situations are uncommon; as a result, we focus on the more common (and the more ethically interesting) cases where an individual exaggerates their contribution or just makes it up. In these cases we regard the credit taking as conscious (and, in some instances, calculative).

While the individual’s contribution must be seen as favorable, the outcome need not be: an unsuccessful effort might be recognized as credit-worthy in a losing cause. For consistency we use “work effort” and “contribution” throughout, rather than “outcome.”

Abratt, R. D., Nel, D., & Higgs, N. S. (1992). An examination of the ethical beliefs of managers using selected scenarios in a cross-cultural environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 29–35.

Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). New York: Academic Press.

Adams, S. (2011). September 19, Dilbert.

American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060–1073.

Anand, V., Ashforth, B. E., & Joshi, M. (2004). Business as usual: The acceptance and perpetuations of corruption in organizations. Academy of Management Executive, 18, 39–53.

Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably irrational: The hidden forces that shape our decisions. New York: HarperCollins.

Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Crossley, C. D., & Luthans, F. (2009). Psychological ownership: Theoretical extensions measurement, and relation to work outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 30, 173–191.

Babiak, P., & Hare, R. (2006). Snakes in suits: When psychopaths go to work. New York: Harper Collins.

Banaji, M., Bazerman, M., & Chugh, D. (2003). How (un)ethical Are You? Harvard Business Review, 81, 56–64.

Barsness, Z. I., Diekmann, K. A., & Seidel, M. D. L. (2005). Motivation and opportunity: The role of remote work, demographic dissimilarity, and social network centrality in impression management. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 401–419.

Bazerman, M. (2006). Judgment in managerial decision making. New York: Wiley.

Bazerman, M. H., Morgan, K. P., & Lowenstein, G. F. (1997). The impossibility of auditor independence. Sloan Management Review, 38(4), 89–94.

Beenen, G., & Pinto, J. (2009). Resisting organizational-level corruption: An interview with Sherron Watkins. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 8, 275–289.

Bettman, J. R., & Weitz, B. A. (1983). Attributions in the board room: Causal reasoning in corporate annual reports. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 165–183.

Bielby, W. T., & Bielby, D. D. (1999). Organizational mediation of project-based labor markets: Talent agencies and the careers of screenwriters. American Sociological Review, 64, 64–85.

Boeker, W. (1992). Power and managerial dismissal: Scapegoating at the top. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 400–421.

Bolino, M. C. (1999). Citizenship and impression management: Good soldiers or bad actors? Academy of Management Review, 26, 82–98.

Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475–482.

Broad, C. D. (1930). Five types of ethical theory. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Brown, G., Lawrence, T., & Robinson, S. L. (2005). Territoriality in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30, 577–594.

Brown, G., & Robinson, S. L. (2011). Reactions to territorial infringement. Organization Science, 22, 210–224.

Burt, R. S. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 349–399.

Campbell, W. K., & Sedikides, C. (1999). Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration. Review of General Psychology, 3, 23–43.

Caruso, E. M., Epley, N., & Bazerman, M. (2006). The costs and benefits of undoing egocentric responsibility assessments in groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 857–871.

Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2007). It’s all about me: Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52, 351–386.

Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2011). Executive personality, capability cues, and risk taking: How narcissistic CEOs react to their successes and stumbles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 56, 202–237.

Chugh, D., Banaji, M., & Bazerman, M. (2005). Bounded ethicality as a psychological barrier to recognizing conflicts of interest. In D. Moore, M. Cain, G. Lowenstein, & M. Bazerman (Eds.), Conflicts of interest: Problems and solutions from law, medicine, and organizational settings. London: Cambridge University Press.

Cialdini, R. B. (1980). Full cycle social psychology. In L. Bickman (Ed.), Applied social psychology annual (Vol. 1, pp. 21–47). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.

Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366–375.

Clive, R. B. (2011). Corporate psychopaths: Bullying and unfair supervision in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 100, 367–379.

Cohen, G. L. (2003). Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 808–822.

Cohen, M. D., March, J., & Olsen, J. (1972). A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 1–25.

Cole, D., Sirgy, M. J., & Bird, M. M. (2000). How do managers make teleological evaluations in ethical dilemmas? Testing part of and extending the Hunt–Vitell model. Journal of Business Ethics, 26, 259–269.

Collins, J. D., Uhlenbruck, K., & Rodriguez, P. (2009). Why firms engage in corruption: A top management perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 89–108.

Colquitt, J. A., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C., Conlon, D., & Ng, K. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425–445.

Confucius. no date, The Lun Yü.

Cooper, W. H., Graham, W. J., & Dyke, L. S. (1993). Tournament players. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 11, 83–132.

Crant, M. J., & Bateman, T. S. (1993). Assignment of credit and blame for performance outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 7–27.

Cressey, D. R. (1953). Other people’s money. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Danziger, S., Montal, R., & Barkan, R. (2012). Idealistic advice and pragmatic choice: A psychological distance account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1105–1117.

De Cremer, D., Tenbrunsel, A. E., & van Dijke, M. (2010). Regulating ethical failures: Insights from psychology. Journal of Business Ethics, 95, 1–6.

Donaldson, T. (1996). Values in Tension. Harvard Business Review, 74, 48–62.

Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 331–351.

Dunn, J., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2005). Why good employees make unethical decisions: The role of reward systems, organizational culture, and managerial oversight. In R. E. Kidwell Jr. & C. L. Martin (Eds.), Managing organizational deviance (pp. 39–68). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Dunning, D. J., Meyerowitz, A., & Holzberg, A. D. (1989). Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1082–1090.

Dyke, L. S. (1990). Self-promotion in organizations, Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Kingston: Queen’s University.

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350–383.

Eichenwald, K. (2005). Conspiracy of fools. New York: Broadway Books.

Ellis, H. (1898). Auto-erotism: A psychological study. Alienist and Neurologist, 19, 260–299.

Emmons, R. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 11–17.

Epley, N., & Caruso, E. M. (2004). Egocentric ethics. Social Justice Research, 17, 171–188.

Fine, M. A., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty–student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48, 1141–1147.

Floyd, W. W., Schroeder, D. M., & Finn, D. M. (1994). Only if I am first author: Conflict over credit in management scholarship. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 734–747.

Fortin, M., & Fellenz, M. R. (2008). Hypocrisies of fairness: Towards a more reflexive ethical base in organizational justice research and practice. Journal of Business Ethics, 78, 415–433.

Friend, T. (2003, October 20). Credit Grab, The New Yorker, 161–169.

Frum. D. J. (2007, November). David Frum’s diary. National Review (online).

Galanter, M., & Palay, T. (1991). Tournament of lawyers: Transformation of the big law firm. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 208–214.

Gerson, M. J. (2007). Heroic conservatism: Why republicans need to embrace America’s ideals (and why they deserve to fail if they don’t). New York: HarperOne.

Gessen, M. (2009). Perfect rigor: A genius and the mathematical breakthrough of the century. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Globe and Mail. (2006, October 1). Workplace ethics, C2, Toronto, Canada.

Greenberg, J. (1990). Employee theft as a reaction to underpayment inequity: The hidden cost of pay cuts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 561–568.

Greve, H. R., Palmer, D., & Pozner, J. E. (2010). Organizations gone wild. Academy of Management Annals, 4, 53–107.

Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon.

Higgins, C. A., & Judge, T. A. (2004). The effect of applicant influence tactics on recruiter perceptions of fit and hiring recommendations: A field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 622–632.

Hollander, E. P. (1958). Conformity, status, and idiosyncrasy credit. Psychological Review, 65, 117–127.

Immen, W. (2010, March 5). When leaders become glory hounds. Globe and Mail, B15–16.

Jackall, R. (1988). Moral mazes: The world of corporate managers. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jackson, T. (2001). Cultural values and management ethics: A 10-nation study. Human Relations, 54, 1267–1302.

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360.

Johnson, L. (2012). The lunatics have taken over the boardroom. Financial Times, March 7.

Judge, T., LePine, J., & Rich, B. L. (2006). Loving yourself abundantly: relationship of the narcissistic personality to self- and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 762–776.

Kant, I. (1785). Groundwork of the metaphysic of morals, various editions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kant, I. (1788). Critique of practical reason, various editions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.

Kaptein, M. (2010). The ethics of organizations: A longitudinal study of the US working population. Journal of Business Ethics, 92, 601–618.

Kelman, H. C., & Hamilton, L. (1989). Crimes of obedience. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Levinson, D. J. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Ballantine.

Locke, J. (1690). Two treatises on government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Marx, K. (1847). Wage, labour and capital, various editions. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709–734.

McDonald, G. M., & Zepp, R. (1988). Ethical perceptions of Hong Kong Chinese business managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 7, 835–845.

McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. (1992). Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 626–637.

McGinn, D. (2009, November 17) Brilliant Idea! I’ll Steal It. Globe and Mail, L1–2.

Mechanic, D. (1962). Sources of power for lower participants in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 7, 349–364.

Merritt, A. C., Effron, D., Fein, S., Savitsky, K., Tuller, D., & Monin, B. (2012). The strategic pursuit of moral credentials. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 774–777.

Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A., & Monin, B. (2010). Moral self-licensing: When being good frees us to be bad. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 344–357.

Metha, S., & Kau, S. (1984). Marketing executives’ perceptions of unethical practices. Singapore Management Review, 6, 25–35.

Meyerson, D. E. (2001) Radical change, the quiet way, Harvard Business Review, 92–100.

Meyerson, D. E. (2003). Tempered radicals: How everyday leaders inspire changes at work. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mezulis, A., Abramson, L., Hyde, J., & Hankin, B. (2004). Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 711–747.

Miller, D. T., & Effron, D. A. (2010). Psychological license: When it is needed and how it functions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 115–155.

Miller, D. T., & Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving bias in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82, 213–225.

Morf, C., & Rhodewalt, F. (1993). Narcissism and self-evaluation maintenance. Explorations in Object Relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 668–676.

Morf, C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism. A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177–196.

Murphy, P. R., & Dacin, M. T. (2011). Psychological pathways to fraud: Understanding and preventing fraud in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 101, 601–618.

Nasar, S., & Gruber, D. (2006, August 28). Manifold destiny, The New Yorker, 44–57.

Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state and utopia. New York: Basic Books.

Pierce, J., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. (2001). Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 26, 298–310.

Pinker, S. (2005, May 25). Problem Solving, The Globe and Mail, C5.

Pozner, J. E. (2007). Stigma and settling up: An integrated approach to the consequences of organizational misconduct for organizational elites. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 141–150.

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. (2005). Consideration of fraud in a financial statement audit, AU Section 316. www.pcaobus.org.

Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). Narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590.

Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Rogerson, M. D., Gottlieb, M. C., Handelsman, M. M., Knapp, S., & Younggren, J. (2011). Nonrarional processes in ethical decision making. American Psychologist, 66, 614–623.

Sandler, J., & Russell, B. (2005). Faculty–student collaboration: Ethics and satisfaction in authorship credit. Ethics and Behaviour, 15, 65–80.

Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management: The self-concept, social identity, and interpersonal relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Scully, M. (2007). Present at the creation. The Atlantic, 300, 77–88.

Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 209–269). New York: Academic Press.

Shapiro, D. L., Boss, A. D., Salas, S., Tangirala, S., & Von Glinow, M. A. (2011). When are transgressing leaders punitively judged? An Empirical Test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 412–422.

Sharman, S. J., & Calacouris, D. S. (2010). Do people’s motives influence their susceptibility to imagination inflation? Experimental Psychology, 57, 77–82.

Simon, H. A. (1957). Models of man. New York: Wiley.

Simon, S. A., & Eby, L. T. (2003). A typology of negative mentoring experiences: A multidimensional scaling study. Human Relations, 56, 1083–1106.

Staw, B. M., McKechnie, P. I., & Pfuffer, S. M. (1983). The justification of organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 582–600.

Staw, B. M., & Ross, J. (1987). Behavior in escalation situations: Antecedents, prototypes and solutions. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 39–78.

Stevenson, W. B., & Greenberg, D. (2000). Agency and social networks: Strategies of action in a social structure of position, opposition, and opportunity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 651–678.

Stone, T. H., & Cooper, W. H. (2009). Emerging credits. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 785–798.

Taylor, R. (2002). An introduction to virtue ethics. Amherst, MA: Prometheus Books.

Tenbrunsel, A., & Messick, D. (2004). Ethical fading: The role of self-deception in unethical behavior. Social Justice Research, 17, 223–236.

Thomas, A. K., Bulevich, J. B., & Loftus, E. F. (2003). Exploring the role of repetition and sensory elaboration in the imagination inflation effect. Memory and Cognition, 31, 630–640.

Toffler, B. L. (2003). Final accounting: Ambition, greed, and the fall of Arthur Andersen. New York: Broadway Books.

Van Dyne, L., & Pierce, J. L. (2004). Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: Three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 25, 439–459.

van Zyl, E., & Lazenby, K. (2002). The relation between ethical behaviour and workstress amongst a group of managers working in affirmative action positions. Journal of Business Ethics, 40, 111–119.

Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.

Weber, J. M., & Murnighan, J. K. (2008). Dilemmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1340–1353.

Weick, K. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Williamson, O. (1975). Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.

Winston, R. (1985). A suggested procedure for determining order of authorship in research publications. Journal of Counseling and Development, 63, 515–518.

Zhong, C.-B., & Liljenquist, K. (2006). Washing away your sins: Threatened morality and physical cleansing. Science, 313, 1451–1452.

Zuboff, S. (2005, January). A starter kit for business ethics. Fast Company, 91.

Titel: Taking Credit
verfasst von: William J. Graham
William H. Cooper
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2013
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Journal of Business Ethics / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 0167-4544
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0697
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1406-3

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2013

Ethical Decision Making in a Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Situation: The Role of Moral Absolutes and Social Consensus

A New Framework for Understanding Inequalities Between Expatriates and Host Country Nationals

Erratum to: A Fiduciary Model of Political Ethics and Protocol for Dealing with Constituent Requests

Is it Spillover or Compensation? Effects of Community and Organizational Diversity Climates on Race Differentiated Employee Intent to Stay

Proactive CSR: An Empirical Analysis of the Role of its Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions on the Association between Capabilities and Performance

How Ethical Behavior of Firms is Influenced by the Legal and Political Environments: A Bayesian Causal Map Analysis Based on Stages of Development

Premium Partner