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Erschienen in:
Agricultural Development in the World Periphery: A General Overview Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

18. Technological Change and Productivity Growth in the Agrarian Systems of New Zealand and Uruguay (1870–2010)

verfasst von : Jorge Álvarez Scanniello

Erschienen in: Agricultural Development in the World Periphery

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

New Zealand and Uruguay were typical settler economies and were similar in many ways, but there were also major differences in how they developed. Chapter 18 aims to describe the New Zealand and Uruguayan livestock systems by analysing their technological trajectories as they sought to raise land productivity. We use a systematic case-oriented comparison and an evolutionary theoretical approach to technological change to understand the process in both pastoral systems in the long term (1870–2010). In the nineteenth century Uruguay had more favourable conditions for pastoral production and, until the 1930s, higher production volumes per hectare. New Zealand had higher growth rates in all livestock physical productivity indicators from 1870 to 1970, and overtook Uruguay’s levels by the mid-twentieth century.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Land Frontier Expansion in Settler Economies, 1830–1950: Was It a Ricardian Process?
Fußnoten
1
After the 1970s the share of livestock production in total exports fell dramatically in both countries, because wool exports sank and because there was a substantial diversification of exports which increased the share of other agricultural products such as grains, horticulture, viticulture and forestry.
 
2
Between 1870 and 1930, the volume of exported goods of New Zealand and Uruguay grew in similar ways, on average 3.3 % annually for the former and 3.4 % for the latter. But between 1930 and 1970 Uruguayan exports stagnated, showing a growth rate of −0.3 %, while New Zealand’s exports grew at a rate of 2.5 %. Between 1970 and 2010 the performance of Uruguayan exports improved, but their growth rate remained lower than for New Zealand: 1.9 and 3.1 respectively, based on Alvarez (2014, p. 64, Graph III.11).
 
3
In English “diabolical blessing”.
 
4
In an earlier paper we analysed the institutional framework of the agrarian innovation systems in New Zealand and Uruguay in the long run (Alvarez & Bortagaray, 2007). We show that agrarian innovation systems (interactions between agricultural research institutions, universities and the state) were denser in New Zealand than in Uruguay in term of functions and structure.
 
5
In the thirteenth century, New Zealand’s native forests covered about 23 million hectares (approximately 85% of the surface area), but by the mid-nineteenth century this had been reduced to 15.4 million hectares (57% of the surface area). However, the greatest change has taken place in the last 150 years, when the area of forest has shrunk to 6.2 million hectares (23% of the surface area) and was largely replaced by grassland for livestock production (Taylor & Smith, 1997; Condliffe, 1959).
 
6
It is estimated that from 1950 and 1953 the area fertilized with this technique increased from 19,500 to 500,000 hectares, and by 1970 had reached 3.2 million hectares (Tennant, 1978, p. 192, Table 6.2).
 
7
Dynamic stagnation refers to the stagnation of agricultural production with important changes in the composition of livestock (sheep and cows), in the context of technological stagnation. These changes responded —among other factors—to the reaction of landowners to the evolution of the international prices of the main livestock products for export, such as beef and wool.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Technological Change and Productivity Growth in the Agrarian Systems of New Zealand and Uruguay (1870–2010)
verfasst von
Jorge Álvarez Scanniello
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Buch
Agricultural Development in the World Periphery

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-66019-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-66020-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66020-2_18

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