1 Introduction
Term | Definition | Source |
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Prospective LCA | “[LCA] studies […] looking forward at future environmental impact.” | Sandén and Karlström (2007) |
Prospective (or future-oriented) LCA | “[A] systematic assessment of future events and developments in society, technology, economy and policy that in the long-term could considerably influence the product system (and/or functional unit) and its conditions and hereby the environmentally relevant flows.” | Olsen et al. (2018) |
Prospective LCA | “[LCA] estimating future life-cycle environmental impacts using scenarios” | Guinée et al. (2018) |
Prospective LCA | “An LCA is prospective when the (emerging) technology studied is in an early phase of development (e.g., small-scale production), but the technology is modeled at a future, more-developed phase (e.g., large-scale production).” | Arvidsson et al. (2018) |
Ex-ante LCA | “[LCA] studies […] that: • Scale-up an emerging technology using likely scenarios (e.g., using expert help, extreme views, learning curves for similar technologies) of future performance at full operational scale; • Compare the emerged technology at scale with the evolved incumbent technology.” | Cucurachi et al. (2018) |
Ex-ante LCA | “[A]n environmental [LCA] of a new technology before it is commercially implemented in order to guide R&D decisions to make this new technology environmentally competitive as compared to the incumbent technology mix.” | van der Giesen et al. (2020) |
Anticipatory LCA | “[A] forward-looking, non-predictive [LCA] tool that increases model uncertainty through inclusion of prospective modeling tools and multiple social perspectives.” | Wender et al. (2014a) |
2 Method
3 Temporal positionality
4 Technology maturity
5 Recommendations
in accordance with some previous definitions (Sandén and Karlström 2007; Guinée et al. 2018). The term retrospective LCA is recommended to denote:“LCA that models the product system at a future point in time relative to the time at which the study is conducted”,
in line with Sandén and Karlström (2007). In both prospective and retrospective LCAs, the temporal positioning should preferably be specified in more detail, e.g., to a specific year (e.g., 2050) or time span (e.g., 2040–2050).“LCA that models the product system at a recent or distant past point in time relative to the time at which the study is conducted”,
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Technology selection: Which technologies are modelled at the future time? Here, thinking beyond near-future technologies and considering more long-term technologies with high potential is recommendable (Arvidsson et al. 2023).
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Technology upscaling: Which approaches are applied for upscaling in prospective LCA of immature technologies? Here, guidance can be found in the decision tree by Tsoy et al. (2020).
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Scenario development: How are future scenarios constructed? Here, guidance can be found in, e.g., the SMPL approach by Langkau et al. (2023).
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Background data: To what extent does the background data match the temporal positioning of the foreground system? Here, prospective LCA databases such as Premise can be used to alter background system data according to specified scenarios (Sacchi et al. 2022).