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2021 | Buch

Energy and Our Society Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

The Carbon Dioxide Revolution

Challenges and Perspectives for a Global Society

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Michele Aresta, Dr. Angela Dibenedetto

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book focuses on carbon dioxide and its global role in our everyday life. Starting with society's dependency on energy, it demonstrates the various sources of carbon dioxide and discusses the putative effects of its accumulation in the atmosphere and its impact on the climate. It then provides an overview of how we can reduce carbon dioxide production and reviews innovative technologies and alternative energy resources. The book closes with a perspective on how carbon dioxide can be utilized reasonably and how mimicking nature can provide us with a solution.

Using simple language, this book discusses one of today's biggest challenges for the future of our planet in a way that is understandable for the general public. The authors also provide deep insights into specific issues, making the book a useful resource for researchers and students.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Energy and Our Society
Abstract
Fossil-C, in the form of coal, natural gas, and oil, covers 81+% of the energy necessary to satisfy the needs of our society. The continued use of fossil-C causes the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The reduction of the emission of CO2 is becoming urgent.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 2. Fossil-C Application in the Energy and Chemical Industry
Abstract
In this chapter, the use of fossil-C as source of energy (compared to other sources) and as raw material for the chemical industry is discussed. Some fundamental processes are illustrated for the production of liquid fuels from either coal or natural gas. Emissions of CO2 are quoted for several sectors. The syngas and Fischer–Tropsch processes are discussed more in detail in the Deep Insight (DI).
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 3. The Atmosphere, the Natural Cycles, and the “Greenhouse Effect”
Abstract
In this chapter, the structure of the atmosphere is presented with the natural cycles of several species. The natural green house effect is discussed and the way in which CO2 and other GHGs contribute to its enhancement is analyzed.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 4. Reduction of the CO2 Production
Abstract
The efficiency technologies in both the production of energy (electric–thermal–mechanic, others) from fossil-C and the use of the various forms of derived energies can play a strategic role in the reduction of the production and emission of CO2. Additionally, the use of biomass as source of fuels is shortly presented and the putative “zero-emission” property discussed.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 5. The Alternative, Carbon-Free Primary Energy Sources and Relevant Technologies
Abstract
In this chapter, carbon-free perennial primary energy sources are described and the potential of relevant technologies to produce electric or thermal energy is highlighted. Solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power are analyzed for their contribution to substitute fossil-C in coming decades.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 6. Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emission into the Atmosphere: The Capture and Storage (CCS) Option
Abstract
The Capture and Storage of Carbon Dioxide (CCS) is illustrated in this chapter. CO2 can be captured from point sources (power plants and industries) or directly from the atmosphere (Direct Air Capture (DAC)) or even from mobile sources. Technologies for the capture are illustrated here and some examples of disposal in natural fields are described, together with fixation into long-lasting materials, such as inorganic carbonates.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 7. Properties of the Carbon Dioxide Molecule
Abstract
The basic aspects of the reactivity of carbon dioxide are featured, related to the electronic structure of the molecule. The phase diagram of CO2 is also discussed for understanding how CO2 exists in different conditions of temperature and pressure.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 8. Use of CO2 as Technical Fluid (Technological Uses of CO2)
Abstract
This Chapter describes the “non-chemical” uses of CO2, which means all those applications in which CO2 is not converted into other chemicals, but remains the same species. Some of the applications are quite familiar to the public (food packaging, low temperature cooling agent, fluid as fire extinguisher, cleaning fluid, smoke effects, and water treatment), others are typical of industry and less known to the public. In water treatment, indeed, CO2 is converted into its hydrated forms; this is the only case in which CO2 loses its original nature, as it happens anytime CO2 is dissolved in water.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 9. Circular Economy and Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Abstract
In this chapter, the relevance of Carbon Dioxide Utilization (CCU) to Innovation and Sustainability of the Chemical Industry and to the strategy of the Circular Economy is discussed. A number of examples are presented of processes which may convert CO2 into added-value chemicals, polymeric materials, and fuels which have each a market higher than 1 Mt/y, causing a significant reduction of CO2 emission. Only thermal processes are considered here, while solar-driven processes are discussed in Chap. 10 and the integration of Chemical Catalysis and Biotechnology is presented in Chap. 11.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 10. Solar Chemistry and CO2 Conversion
Abstract
The utilization of solar energy for driving reactions in which CO2 is converted into energy-rich products is discussed in this chapter. Three approaches are considered: i. electrolysis of water by photovoltaic energy to generate hydrogen used, in turn, for the hydrogenation of CO2 to gaseous or liquid fuels; ii. use of concentrated solar power for splitting CO2 and H2O and making Syngas; iii. the direct co-processing of water and CO2 to energy-rich products under solar irradiation. The former option can be applied in the short term as both the electrolysis and CO2 conversion are well-known processes; the second needs some further improvement of both the technology for concentrating solar energy and catalysts for H2O and CO2 splitting and may be applied in the medium term; the latter will most likely be exploited in the medium–long term as new, effective and stable photocatalysts must be discovered and advanced reactors-concentrators of solar light need to be developed.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 11. Enhancing Nature
Abstract
This Chapter provides an overview of possible solutions to convert carbon dioxide into various bioproducts, such as biofuels, bioplastics and bio-sourced chemicals, mimicking Nature, or even enhancing natural systems. Biotechnological techniques or hybrid systems, made by integrating chemical(electro)catalysis and biological systems, are discussed.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Chapter 12. The CO2 Revolution
Abstract
The potential of carbon recycling through CO2 utilization is “sized” here by merging all options discussed in previous chapters. It is interesting to note that in the medium-long term some 7–9 GtCO2/y can be avoided, and this is a very interesting news: coupled to the use of biomass and utilization of perennial energies (SWHG) will make possible the reduction of the extraction of fossil fuels to, most likely, one-third–one-fourth with respect to today. This will be a great achievement.
Michele Aresta, Angela Dibenedetto
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
The Carbon Dioxide Revolution
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. Michele Aresta
Dr. Angela Dibenedetto
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-59061-1
Print ISBN
978-3-030-59060-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1