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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. The City and the Peasant—Family Farms Around Bengaluru

verfasst von : Seema Purushothaman, Sheetal Patil

Erschienen in: Agrarian Change and Urbanization in Southern India

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

In any fast-growing economy, it is common to attribute agrarian opportunities to expanding and emerging cities as described in Satterthwaite et al. (2010). Nevertheless, the opportunities arising from urbanisation come along with huge demands placed on the production landscape. If the current pattern of urban consumption continues, food production should double by 2050. Despite niche innovations in urban farming (such as vertical farms, hydroponics, aeroponics, and polymer farming), the fast depleting rural agricultural landscapes will have to meet most of this overwhelming demand. Do our urbanised societies and economies realise the extent of their dependence on agrarian landscapes for safe and healthy food? Can this dependence help sustain their farmer producers?

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Vorheriges Kapitel Agriculture in the Era of Urbanisation

Nächstes Kapitel Family Farms Around Ramanagara

Bengaluru ranks high globally on a city Momentum Index using socio-economic and commercial real estate indicators (https://www.jll.co.in/en/newsroom/jll-city-momentum-index-2019-bengaluru-worlds-most-dynamic-city).

Immediately after independence in 1948, Indian Telephone Industries was set up in Bengaluru followed by industries like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Hindustan Machine Tools Limited, Bharat Earth Movers Limited, Bharat Electronics Limited and Defence Research and Development Organisation.

Between 1901 and 1951, population of Bengaluru increased about five times from 0.16 to 0.78 million (Report of Bengaluru Development Committee 1954).

Infilling is an increase in density of population within city limits, rather than an expansion in the physical boundaries of the city.

Now these industrial estates like the ones in Peenya, Whitefield and Bidadi, lie contiguous with the centre of the city in different directions.

See Chap. 3 Sect. 3.4 for the process followed in selection of taluks and a discussion on urban peripheries.

Unless specified, data in these sections pertain to the city periphery combining two study taluks.

Average size of joint family holdings was 2.75 acres (overall landholding size was 2.6 acres) and 4 acres (overall landholding size was 3.8 acres) in Anekal and Devanahalli, respectively, in 2015.

As per Socio-economic and Caste Census (2014), about 89 and 46% of total households were landless in Anekal and Devanahalli, respectively, with large number of non-farm workers in the former.

We saw such arrangements near Kanakapura road and Anekal. See also ‘Farmizen’—new mobile app-based initiative for renting a remote kitchen garden around Bengaluru:—https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/how-farmizen-is-helping-people-of-bengaluru-reconnect-with-farming/article22456975.ece.

Anekal Local Planning Area 2031 (Zoning Regulations Provisional Approval) (2013).

Using remote sensing data between 2007 and 2014, Kavitha et al. (2015) show that about 16% of agricultural land within 20 km buffer area outside the boundary of Greater Bengaluru was converted to built-up.

Land acquisition data from KIADB doesn’t clearly differentiate between common land and private landholding. This estimation is based on village level data collected.

In Devanahalli, Gundu thoppu (wooded grove) hosting old temples is an oasis for graziers and passers-by.

About 30% respondents in Anekal and 23% in Devanahalli kept small ruminants.

Even now many places in Bengaluru carry names suffixed with ‘sandra’ in Kannada implying the presence of a notable water body.

Report of Encroachment of Lakes/Tanks in Bengaluru Urban District—http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/nov/23/88-lakes-vanished-in-bengaluru-in-recent-years-1708596.html.

Reddihalli and Vishwanathpura in Devanahalli and Dasanpura in Anekal.

In both the study taluks, about 30% of net sown area was irrigated exclusively by tube wells in 2015 (District at a Glance 2016).

Report of the Committee constituted by the Honourable High Court of Karnataka to examine the ground realities and prepare an action plan for preservation of lakes in the city of Bengaluru. http://static.esgindia.org/campaigns/lakes/legal/A1_HC_Lakes_Report_WP_817_2008_HC_Feb_2011.pdf.

With an initial investment of ₹10 lakhs for building the infrastructure in addition to the recurring cost of about ₹3.6 lakh per annum for inputs, labour and others.

The amendment not only refrains forest department from planting eucalyptus but also urges not to encourage or support growing the species, apart from felling the existing plantations http://Bengalurumirror.indiatimes.com/Bengaluru/others/Karnataka-state-govt-bans-planting-eucalyptus-acacia-trees-owing-to-impact-on-ground-water-level/articleshow/58703790.cms.

Eucalyptus plantations of respondents in Anekal were 4–5 years old while in Devanahalli they were of 15–20 years, during the survey in 2015.

See photograph in the cover page of the book taken near Kengeri located at the south-west edge of Bengaluru in December 2017.

110 families from two villages have been relocated to a new village, as communicated by Revenue Department, Devanahalli Taluk.

Questions about decision making process on various activities were posed during discussions together with family members.

Days spent in non-farm jobs by women and men in Anekal were 131 and 82, respectively, and in Devanahalli it was 52 and 86.

Devenahalli had 72% of women workforce engaged in farm activities compared to 58% in Anekal (Census of India 2011).

About 12 out of 43 resident respondent families in this site had women who took up tailoring while five women had petty shops.

Stree shakthi groups in the State (2012) saved ₹11.18 billion since their inception, 1.2 lakh groups availed bank loans to the extent of ₹13.06 billion and accomplished internal lending of ₹32.16 billion for various income generating activities. Rarely were their activities based on farming and farm produce. http://dwcdkar.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=260%3Astre.

Santhes visited in and around study taluks: Tuesday market near Bannerghatta Biological Park, Friday market near Anekal bus stand, Saturday market near Chandapura bus stand, market near BWSSB office Kanakapura Road, Sunday market near Jigani industrial area, market in Banaswadi, market near railway track on Old Madras road and market near Yeshwanthpur railway station.

Grapes are sold to private traders from neighbouring States of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh being the closest, traders from there bring labour for cutting and packing the bunches into crates. The variety Bengaluru Blue is traded further for making juice, while other seedless varieties sold to wholesale traders in cities like Hyderabad, Pune and Mumbai and also for retailing in Bengaluru city. Grapes from this area are rarely exported.

Expanding the mandate of Bengaluru Grape Growers’ Marketing and Processing Co-operative Society formed in 1959 to other fruits and vegetables, Horticultural Producers’ Co-operative Marketing and Processing Society Ltd. or HOPCOMS has been in existence since 1965, under the State Department of Horticulture. With more than 12,000 members, HOPCOMS functions in five districts around Bengaluru city, with an annual turnover of ₹950 million handling 100 MT of fresh farm produce. One-fourth of our respondents were members of HOPCOMS (https://hopcoms.kar.nic.in/(S(wzsvsne2omivfyedxu4ldf55))/AboutUs.aspx).

Some respondents in Devanahalli had registered with collection centres of retail chains—Reliance Fresh and Safal.

According to Karnataka Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation and Development) (Second Amendment) Act of 2013, no market fee is to be levied on farmers for flowers, fruits and vegetables. The marketing committee could collect user charge from buyers of the produce at such rates specified in the bylaws approved by the respective authorities.

Ratio of crop income to expenses incurred and to loans availed by the families: Anekal—2.1 and 1; Devanahalli—3.2 and 2.4, respectively.

Cash expenses on food came to an average of ₹18,300 per head in Anekal compared to ₹11,250 in Devanahalli. It was 13% of total income and 20% of total expense in Devanahalli; while in Anekal, it was 16% of total income and 30% of total expenses. The market value of food consumed from what is grown on farm (per person/year) was ₹3,900 and ₹5,600, respectively, for Anekal and Devanahalli.

Mean amount of overdue loans was ₹3.92 lakhs and ₹2.27 lakhs (for 62 and 80% respondents) in Anekal and Devanahalli, respectively.

Literacy rate in Anekal—86.65% and Devanahalli—59.25% (Census of India 2011).

Devanahalli migrants took up housekeeping or luggage handling in the airport or drove cabs/buses; migrants from Anekal worked in hospitals, factories and hotels.

Community grain banks are being revived in some tribal areas with varying success (Reji 2013).

Vasavi (1994) explains how sharing and donating the harvest within the village was a norm in the dryland agrarian society of Bijapur.

Despite the constituency being reserved for Scheduled Caste category, casteism did not vanish. See http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/anekal-a-seething-cauldron-of-caste-dynamics/article4677689.ece.

There are many informal farmer collectives supplying fresh farm produce to Bengaluru. Recent amendments (2004, 2013) to Companies Act urge Farmer Producer Organisations to be registered as Farmer Producer Companies in order to receive government support through Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.

Public sector marketing agency HOPCOMS seems to be better connected with farmers here than the State research or extension wings.

Communication technology includes Internet and mobile phone. About 70% of respondents in Anekal were in touch with Raitamitra helpline (Kisan Call Center) over phone. Newspapers as medium of information, were followed by 26% in Anekal and by nearly half of the respondents of Devanahalli.

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Titel: The City and the Peasant—Family Farms Around Bengaluru
verfasst von: Seema Purushothaman
Sheetal Patil
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Agrarian Change and Urbanization in Southern India
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-8335-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-8336-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8336-5_6

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