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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. The Colonial Dimension

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Abstract

This chapter studies the colonial dimension of the Spanish patent system during the nineteenth century. The first section explores the history of colonial patent institutions in the various Atlantic empires, with particular attention to the case of Latin America. The core of the chapter examines the regulation, administrative practices and technological culture of the imperfect patent system operating in Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Philippines between the 1820s and the 1860s. During the mid-nineteenth century, this neo-mercantilist institution served more as a system of technological information than as a means of protecting the rights of inventors, thereby reflecting the collective interests of colonial agrarian elites. The final part of the chapter traces the institutional reorganisation of the colonial patent system during the late nineteenth century, in a context of multilateral agreements and growing US influence.

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Fußnoten
1
O. Bracha, Owning Ideas: The Intellectual Origins of American Intellectual Property (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016); L. Bently, ‘The “Extraordinary Multiplicity” of Intellectual Property Laws in the British Colonies in the Nineteenth Century’, Theoretical Inquiries in Law 12 (1), (2011): 161–200.
 
2
B. Woodcroft, Alphabetical Index of Patentees of Inventions, 1617–1852 (Reprint: Evelyn, Adams & MacKay, 1969).
 
3
A. F. Muir, ‘Patents and Copyrights in the Republic of Texas’, Journal of Southern History 12 (1946): 204–222.
 
4
H. J. Knight, Confederate Invention: The Story of the Confederate States Patent Office and Its Inventors (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011).
 
5
Bently (2011), Op. cit.; C.A. Nard, ‘Legal Forms and the Common Law of Patents’, Boston University Law Review 90 (51), (2010).
 
6
R. Sagar, ‘Introduction of Exclusive Privileges in Colonial India: Why and for Whose Benefit?’, Intellectual Property Quarterly 164 (2007).
 
7
J. Todd, Colonial Technology: Science and the Transfer of Innovation to Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
 
8
S. Ricketson, The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property: A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
 
9
G. Galvez-Behar, ‘Les empires et leurs brevets’, in L. Hilaire-Pérez and L. Zakharova (eds.), Les techniques et la globalisation au XXe siècle (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2016).
 
10
J. Sánchez Gómez, ‘Comienzos de la formación de la técnica minometalúrgica colonial’, in J. Sánchez Gómez et al. (eds.), La savia del imperio. Tres estudios de economía colonial (Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, 1997); B. Escobar, ‘Doctrines and the Making of an Early Patent System in the Developing World: the Chilean Case. 1840s–1910s’, Documentos de Trabajo de la UDP 58 (2004); R. Sánchez-Flores, Historia de la tecnología y la invención en México (Mexico City: Fomento Cultural Banamex, 1980).
 
11
J. Coastworth, ‘Obstacles to Economic Growth in Nineteenth Century Mexico’, American Historical Review L. XXXIII (1978): 93.
 
12
S. J. Patel, ‘The Patent System and the Third World’, World Development 2 (9), (1974): 3–14.
 
13
E. Beatty, Institutions and Investment: The Political Basis of Industrialization in Mexico before 1911 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011).
 
14
Ricketson (2015), Op. cit.
 
15
Behar (2016), Op. cit.
 
16
bopi, year I, no. 7 (01/12/1886).
 
17
S. Ladas, Patents, Trademarks, and Related Rights: National and International Protection (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975); See also The New York Times (04/03/1890): 3.
 
18
‘Tratado sobre patentes de invención, dibujos y modelos industriales, y marcas de comercio y de fábrica. Segunda Conferencia Internacional Americana’, México, 22/10/1901–31/01/1902, Conferencias Internacionales Americanas 1889–1936 (Digital Library Daniel Cosío Villegas, El Colegio de México).
 
19
C. Schmidt-Nowara, ‘La España Ultramarina: Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nineteenth-Century Spain’, European History Quarterly 34 (2), (2004): 191–214; M. Moreno Fraginals, Cuba-España, España-Cuba: Historia común (Barcelona: Crítica, 1995): 168.
 
20
Royal Cedula 30/07/1833 (BN, Sig. H. A. 17303).
 
21
N. Fernández de Pinedo, D. Pretel and P. Sáiz, ‘Patents, Sugar Technology and Subimperial Institutions in Nineteenth-century Cuba’, History of Technology 30 (2010): 47–62 and D. Pretel, ‘Invenciones institucionales: el sistema de patentes en las colonias españolas durante el siglo XIX’, América Latina en la Historia Económica, Vol. 26 (2), (2019). For partial studies of patents granted in Cuba see L. Fernández Prieto, Espacio de poder, ciencia y agricultura en Cuba: el círculo de hacendados, 1878–1917 (Madrid: CSIC, 2008): 113–9; M. A. Marqué Dolz, Las industrias menores: empresarios y empresas en Cuba, 1880–1920 (Havana: Ciencias Sociales, 2006): 98 and 224.
 
22
Circular of 31/01/1849 (cle, t. xlvi).
 
23
Royal Decree of 30/07/1833, which extended the Royal Decree of 1/03/1826 on privileges of inventions and introductions to overseas domains.
 
24
On the constitution of the Junta de Fomento and its power see L. Marrero, Cuba: economía y sociedad (Madrid: Editorial Playor, 1984): 41–2.
 
25
anc, Gobierno Superior Civil, Leg. 1478. Exp. 58495.
 
26
Memorias de la Sociedad Patriótica t.ix (Havana: Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitania General, 1839): 167.
 
27
See, for example, report by Mariano Vieta: anc, Junta de Fomento, Leg. 95, Exp. 4007.
 
28
Memorias de la Sociedad Económica t.xvii (Havana: Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitania General, 1843): 179–180.
 
29
Memorias de la Sociedad Patriótica t.ii (Havana: Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitania General, 1836): 89–99.
 
30
anc, records of privileges and patents of invention in the following collections: Gobierno General, Gobierno Superior Civil, Real Consulado, Junta de Fomento e Intendencia de Hacienda.
 
31
D. Pretel, ‘La economía política del sistema español de patentes en perspectiva internacional, 1826–1902’, Investigaciones de Historia Económica 13 (3), (2017): 190–200; P. Sáiz: ‘Transferencia internacional de tecnología hacia España a través del sistema de patentes (1759–1900)’, in M. Merger (ed.), Transferts de technologies en Méditerranée (Paris: Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2006): 29–52; J. Pella y Forgás, Las patentes de invención y los derechos del inventor: tratado de utilidad práctica para inventores e industriales (Barcelona: Administración de Industria e Invenciones, 1892).
 
32
anc, Real Consulado y Junta de Fomento, Legajo 95, Exp. 3996 and Exp. 4004.
 
33
Memorias de la Real Sociedad Económica t.i (Havana: Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitania General, 1846): 15–20.
 
34
F. Knight, ‘Origins of Wealth and the Sugar Revolution in Cuba, 1750–1850’, The Hispanic American Historical Review 57 (2), (1977).
 
35
Memorias de la Sociedad Económica t.xvii (Havana: Imprenta del Gobierno y Capitania General, 1843): 388–389.
 
36
anc, Junta de Fomento, Leg. 95, Exp. 4021 and Anales de las Reales Junta de Fomento y Sociedad Económica (Havana, 1849): 293–302.
 
37
anc, Real Consulado y Junta de Fomento, Leg. 95, Exp. 3996.
 
38
D. Rood, The Reinvention of Atlantic Slavery: Technology, Labor, Race, and Capitalism in the Greater Caribbean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017); J. Curry-Machado, Cuban Sugar Industry: Transnational Networks and Engineering Migrants in Mid-Nineteenth Century Cuba (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
 
39
D. Pretel and N. Fernández de Pinedo, ‘Circuits of Knowledge: Foreign Technology and Transnational Expertise in Nineteenth-century Cuba’, in A. Leonard and D. Pretel (eds.), The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy: Circuits of Trade, Money and Knowledge, 1650–1914 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015): 263–289; L. Cabrera Salcedo, De los bueyes al vapor (San Juan: Editorial UPR, 2010); J. G. Ortega, ‘Machines, Modernity, and Sugar: the Greater Caribbean in a Global Context, 1812–50’, Journal of Global History 9 (1), (2014).
 
40
J. Alcover, ‘Situación agrícola e industrial en la isla de Cuba’, La Gaceta Industrial 14 (25/07/1884).
 
41
C. P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000): 100–109.
 
42
anc, Real Consulado, Leg. 204, Exp. 9007 and 9008. See also Diario de las Actas y Discusiones de las Cortes: legislatura de los años de 1820 y 1821, Madrid, t. iv., pp. 237–246.
 
43
J. M. Fradera, Filipinas, la colonia más peculiar (Madrid: CSIC, 1999): 113, 250 and 277.
 
44
ahoepm, Privilegio n° 17.
 
45
ahoepm, Privilegio n° 33.
 
46
J. Macle, ‘Los privilegios de invención existentes en el anc’, unpublished archival presentation (2013); and P. Sáiz, and N. Fernández de Pinedo, Base de datos de solicitudes de privilegios de invención. Cuba, 1820–1898 (Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2014). See also E. Beatty et al., ‘Technology in Latin America’s Past and Present: New Evidence from the Patent Records’, Latin American Research Review 52 (1), (2017). For the case of patents granted in Puerto Rico see L. Cabrera Salcedo, Inventos para el azúcar. Historia tecnológica puertorriqueña (Puerto Rico: Siglo XXI-Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 2007); and Cabrera Salcedo (2010), Op. cit.
 
47
ahn, Ultramar collection, Ministerio de Ultramar Remite Patentes de Invención, nos. 127, 155, 156, 131 for the years 1888, 1889 and 1891–1893 y AHN, Ultramar, Convalidación de Patentes Dadas en la Península, nos. 178, 180, 182, 184 para los años 1893–1896.
 
48
Gaceta de La Habana (01/01/1851): 1.
 
49
In the anc (Correspondencia Fondo Iznaga Valle) there is also documentation of several contracts of foreign machinists employed in the 1840s and 1850s by the Soledad, Niña and Santa Ana sugar mills in the major sugar production area of Trinidad.
 
50
Scientific American 11 (5), (13/10,1855): 38.
 
51
Scientific American 7 (8), (08/11/1851): 59.
 
52
Curry-Machado (2011), Op. cit.
 
53
Scientific American 1007 (8), (23/08/1862); Scientific American 1012 (13), (25/03/1865); and The London Gazette (13/01/1863).
 
54
anc, Gobierno General, Leg. 441, Exp. 21319.
 
55
ahoepm, Privilegio de ultramar No. 85 (11/02/1851); U.S. Patent No. 9087 (29/06/1852).
 
56
ahoepm, Privilegio de ultramar No. 50 (22/05/1841).
 
57
Ortega (2014), Op. cit.
 
58
anc, Gobierno Superior Civil, Leg. 1476, Exp. 58365.
 
59
anc, Gobierno General, Leg. 333, Exp. 15986.
 
60
anc, Gobierno Superior Civil, Leg. 1478, Exp. 58514.
 
61
Royal Decree of 14/05/1880.
 
62
F. García Garófalo, La propiedad intelectual e industrial: Su legislación en la península y provincias ultramarinas (Havana: La Propaganda Literaria, 1890).
 
63
G. Vicuña, ‘Las patentes y marcas de Ultramar’, La Semana Industrial, n° 15 (14/04/1882): 144.
 
64
Crónica de la Industria, n° 68, year iii (15/10/1877): 293–4.
 
65
Royal Decree of 21/08/1884, cle (t. cxxxvi); ‘Marcas, modelos y dibujos industriales en Ultramar’, Industria e Invenciones (06/08/1884): 88–89.
 
66
Pella (1892), Op. cit.
 
67
F. Zayas, ‘Ingenios Centrales’, Revista de Agricultura, n° 10 year II (31/10/1880): 310.
 
68
K. Ferris, ‘Technology, Novelty, and Modernity: Spanish Perceptions of the United States in the Late Nineteenth Century’, Hispanic Research Journal 11 (1), (2010): 37–47.
 
69
anc, Gobierno General, Leg. 455, Exp. 22246.
 
70
Pretel and Fernández (2015), Op. cit.
 
71
taep [XX19KA; TAEM 0:00], 5/09/1881. See also Edison Spanish Colonial Light Co., La luz Edison / Luz eléctrica incandescente (New York: Imprenta de N. Ponce de Leon, 1882); W. J. Hausman, et al., Global Electrification: Multinational Enterprise and International Finance in the History of Light and Power, 1878–2007 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008): 77–8.
 
72
taep [D8434ZAI; TAEM 73:826], 08/13/1884.
 
73
F. L. Dyer and T. C. Martin, Edison: His Life and Inventions, volume 2 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1910): 971.
 
74
ahoepm, Patents Nos. 2984 (13/01/1883); 3112 (17/02/1883); 3122 (17/02/1883).
 
75
ahoepm, Patent Nos. 1657 and 2023. See also taep [HM820157; TAEM 86:452], 02/09/1882.
 
76
J. Bellido, et al. ‘Commentary on US-Spanish Peace Treaty (1898)’, in L. Bently and M. Kretschmer (eds.), Primary Sources on Copyright, 1450–1900 (www.​copyrighthistory​.​org)
 
77
Circular of 12/10/1899.
 
78
Royal Decree of 17/02/1899.
 
79
Military Order No. 216 (26/05/1900).
 
Metadaten
Titel
The Colonial Dimension
verfasst von
David Pretel
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96298-6_5