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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. The Global Positioning System (GPS)

verfasst von : Christopher J. Hegarty

Erschienen in: Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Zusammenfassung

This chapter presents an overview of the US Global Positioning System (GPS), which became the first operational global navigation satellite system (GNSS) core constellation when it was declared fully operational in 1995. First, the space segment is described, including key characteristics of the different satellite types. Then, an overview of the control segment is given, including its operations and evolution of capabilities. This is followed by an overview of the GPS signals, current and future, as well as a description of the navigation data content. Then, the time and coordinate systems used by GPS are described. The chapter is concluded with a brief description of services and performance.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Atmospheric Signal Propagation

Nächstes Kapitel GLONASS

7.1

B.W. Parkinson, S.W. Gilbert: NAVSTAR: Global positioning system – Ten years later, Proc. IEEE 71(10), 1177–1186 (1983)CrossRef

7.2

B.W. Parkinson, J.J. Spilker Jr.: Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Vol. I (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington 1996)CrossRef

7.3

E.D. Kaplan, C.J. Hegarty: Understanding GPS – Principles and Applications, 2nd edn. (Artech House, Boston/London 2006)

7.4

P. Misra, P. Enge: Global Positioning System – Signals, Measurements and Performance, Vol. 2 (Ganga Jamuna, Lincoln 2011)

7.5

Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard, 4th edn. (US Department of Defense, Washington 2008)

7.6

G.B. Green, P.D. Massatt, N.W. Rhodus: The GPS 21 primary satellite constellation, Navigation 36, 9–24 (1989)CrossRef

7.7

A.B. Jenkin, R.A. Gick: Collision risk posed to the global positioning system by disposal orbit instability, J. Spacecr. Rocket. 39(4), 532–539 (2002)CrossRef

7.8

D.M. Galvin: History of the GPS space segment from block I to the new millennium, Proc. ION GPS 1999, Nashville (ION, Virginia 1999) pp. 1843–1854

7.9

L.A. Mallette, P. Rochat, J. White: Historical review of atomic frequency standards used in space systems – 10 year update, Proc. 38th Annu. PTTI Meet., Washington DC (2006)

7.10

F.M. Czopek, S. Shollenberger: Description and performance of the GPS block I and II L-band antenna and link budget, Proc. ION GPS 1993, Salt Lake City, UT (ION,1993) pp. 37–43

7.11

K. Kiser, S.H. Vaughan: GPS IIR joins the GPS constellation, Proc. ION GPS, Nashville, TN (ION, Virginia 1998) pp. 1915–1923

7.12

T. Hartman, L.R. Boyd, D. Koster, J.A. Rajan, C.J. Harvey: Modernizing the GPS block IIR spacecraft, Proc. ION GPS, Salt Lake City (ION, Virginia 2000) pp. 2115–2121

7.13

W. Marquis, D. Reigh: On-orbit performance of the improved GPS block IIR antenna panel, Proc. ION GNSS, Long Beach (ION, Virginia 2005) pp. 2418–2426

7.14

J.A. Rajan, J.A. Tracy: GPS IIR-M: Modernizing the signal-in-space, Proc. ION NTM, Anaheim (2003) pp. 484–493

7.15

S. Ericson, K. Shallberg, C. Edgar: Characterization and simulation of SVN49 (PRN01) elevation dependent measurement biases, Proc. ION ITM, San Diego (ION, Virginia 2010) pp. 963–974

7.16

S.C. Fisher, K. Ghassemi: GPS IIF – The next generation, Proc. IEEE 87(1), 24–47 (1999)CrossRef

7.17

M. Braschak, H. Brown Jr., J. Carberry, T. Grant, G. Hatten, R. Patocka, E. Watts: GPS IIF satellite overview, Proc. ION GNSS, Portland (ION, Virginia 2010) pp. 753–770

7.18

W. Marquis, S. Michael: GPS III – Bringing new capabilities to the global community, Inside GNSS 6(5), 34–48 (2011)

7.19

GPS IIR-21 (M), Mission Book (United Launch Alliance, Littleton, Colorado 2009) www.ulalaunch.com

7.20

Y.E. Bar-Sever: A new model for GPS yaw attitude, J. Geod. 70(11), 714–723 (1996)CrossRef

7.21

F. Dilssner: GPS IIF-1 satellite, antenna phase centre and attitude modelling, Inside GNSS 5(6), 59–64 (2010)

7.22

J. Kouba: A simplified yaw-attitude model for eclipsing GPS satellites, GPS Solutions 13(1), 1–12 (2009)CrossRef

7.23

S.S. Russell, J.H. Schaibly: Control segment and user performance, Navigation 25(2), 166–172 (1978)CrossRef

7.24

J. Taylor: The GPS operational control system Kalman filter description and history, Proc. ION GNSS, Portland (ION, Virginia 2010) pp. 2329–2366

7.25

T. Creel, A.J. Dorsey, Ph.J. Mendicki, J. Little, R.G. Mach, B.A. Renfro: New, improved GPS – The legacy accuracy improvement initiative, GPS World 17(3), 20–31 (2006)

7.26

W. Bertiger, Y. Bar-Sever, N. Harvey, K. Miller, L. Romans, J. Weiss, L. Doyle, T. Solorzano, J. Petzinger, A. Stell: Next generation GPS ground control segment (OCX) navigation design, Proc. ION GNSS, Portland (ION, Virginia 2010) pp. 964–977

7.27

W. Bertiger, Y. Bar-Sever, E. Bokor, M. Butala, A. Dorsey, J. Gross, N. Harvey, W. Lu, K. Miller, M. Miller, L. Romans, A. Sibthorpe, J. Weiss, M. Jones, J. Holden, A. Donigian, P. Saha: First orbit determination performance assessment for the OCX navigation software in an operational environment, Proc. ION GNSS, Nashville (ION, Virginia 2012)

7.28

P. Collins, R. Langley, J. LaMance: Limiting factors in tropospheric propagation delay error modelling for GPS airborne navigation, Proc. ION 52nd Annu. Meet., Cambridge (ION, Virginia 1996) pp. 519–528

7.29

D.D. McCarthy, G. Petit: IERS Conventions (2003) IERS Technical Note No. 36 (des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt 2004)

7.30

B. Wiley, D. Craig, D. Manning, J. Novak, R. Taylor, L. Weingarth: NGA’s role in GPS, Proc. ION GPS, Fort Worth (ION, Virginia 2006) pp. 2111–2119

7.31

C.H. Yinger, W.A. Feess, R. Di-Esposti, A. Chasko, B. Cosentino, B. Wilson, B. Wheaton: GPS satellite interfrequency biases, Proc. ION Annu. Meet., Cambridge (ION, Virginia 1999) pp. 347–354

7.32

Navstar GPS Control Segment to User Support Community Interfaces (Global Positioning Systems Directorate, California 2010) ICD-GPS-240A, 12 Jan. 2010

7.33

Navstar GPS Space Segment/Navigation User Segment Interfaces, Interface Specification (Global Positioning Systems Directorate, California 2013) IS-GPS-200H, 24 Sep. 2013

7.34

R. Gold: Optimal binary sequences for spread spectrum multiplexing, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 13(4), 619–621 (1967)CrossRef

7.35

B. Barker, J. Betz, J. Clark, J. Correia, J. Gillis, S. Lazar, K. Rehborn, J. Stratton: Overview of the GPS M code signal, Proc. ION NTM, Anaheim (ION, Virginia 2000) pp. 542–549

7.36

R.D. Fontana, W. Cheung, T. Stansell: The new L2 civil signal, GPS World 12(9), 28–34 (2001)

7.37

A.J. Van-Dierendonck, C.J. Hegarty: The new L5 civil GPS signal, GPS World 11(9), 64–72 (2000)

7.38

Navstar GPS Space Segment/User Segment L5 Interfaces, Interface Specification (Global Positioning Systems Directorate, California 2013) IS-GPS-705D, 24 Sep. 2013

7.39

J.J. Rushanan: The spreading and overlay codes for the L1C signal, Navigation 54(1), 43–51 (2007)CrossRef

7.40

F. Neuman, L. Hofman: New pulse sequences with desirable correlation properties, Proc. Natl. Telem. Conf. (1971)

7.41

J.W. Betz: Binary offset carrier modulations for radionavigation, Navigation 48(4), 227–246 (2001)CrossRef

7.42

H.L. van Trees: Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory – Part 1 (John Wiley, New York 2001)CrossRef

7.43

J.W. Betz, M.A. Blanco, C.R. Cahn, P.A. Dafesh, C.J. Hegarty, K.W. Hudnut, V. Kasemsri, R. Keegan, K. Kovach, L.S. Lenahan, H.H. Ma, J.J. Rushanan, D. Sklar, T.A. Stansell, C.C. Wang, S.K. Yi: Descsription of the L1C signal, Proc. ION GNSS (2006) pp. 2080–2209

7.44

Navstar GPS Space Segment/User Segment L1C Interfaces, Interface Specification (Global Positioning Systems Directorate, California 2013) IS-GPS-800D, 24 Sep. 2013

7.45

G.W. Hein, J.A. Avila-Rodriguez, S. Wallner, A.R. Pratt, J. Owen, J.L. Issler, J.W. Betz, C.J. Hegarty, S. Lt: Lenahan, J.J. Rushanan, A.L. Kraay, T.A. Stansell: MBOC: The new optimized spreading modulation recommended for Galileo L1 OS and GPS L1C, Inside GNSS 1(4), 57–66 (2006)

7.46

T. Walter, J. Blanch: Characterization of GNSS clock and ephemeris errors to support ARAIM, Proc. ION PNT 2015, Honolulu (ION, Virginia 2015) pp. 920–931

7.47

S.T. Hutsell, G. Dieter, G. Hatten, T. Dass, J. Harvey: GPS clock/timescale management in the master control station, Proc. 35th Annu. PTTI Meet., San Diego (2003)

7.48

S.T. Hutsell, B.K. Brottlund, C.A. Harris: How old is your GPS navigation message?, Proc. ION GPS, Salt Lake City (ION, Virginia 2000) pp. 2556–2561

7.49

J.A. Klobuchar: Ionospheric time-delay algorithm for single-frequency GPS users, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 23(3), 325–331 (1987)CrossRef

7.50

R. Kenneth, Brown Jr.: The theory of the GPS composite clock, Proc. ION GPS, Albuquerque (ION, Virgnia 1991) pp. 223–242

7.51

T.E. Parker, D. Matsakis: Time and frequency dissemination: Advances in GPS transfer techniques, GPS World 15(11), 32–38 (2004), November

7.52

D.R. Hinson: Letter to Dr. A. Kotaite (Federal Aviation Administration, Washington 1994), Oct. 14

7.53

M.C. Blakey: Letter to Dr. R. Kobeh (Federal Aviation Administration, Washington 2007), Sep. 10

7.54

W.J. Clinton: Statement by the President Regarding the United States Decision to Stop Degrading Global Positioning System Accuracy (White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington D.C. 2000), May 1

7.55

D. Perino: Statement by the Press Secretary (White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington D.C. 2007), Sep. 18

7.56

K.T. Woo: Optimum semicodeless carrier-phase tracking of L2, Navigation 47(2), 82–99 (2000)CrossRef

7.57

US Department of Defense: Preservation of Continuity for Semi-Codeless GPS Applications (US Federal Register, Washington DC 2008), 23 September

7.58

2014 Federal Radionavigation Plan, (US Departments of Defense, Transportation, and Homeland Security, Washington D.C. 2015)

Titel: The Global Positioning System (GPS)
verfasst von: Christopher J. Hegarty
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42926-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42928-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_7

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