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2020 | Buch

The Highway Capacity Manual and the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

The Highway Capacity Manual: A Conceptual and Research History Volume 2

Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Elena S. Prassas, Prof. Dr. Roger P. Roess

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Springer Tracts on Transportation and Traffic

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

Since 1950, the Highway Capacity Manual has been a standard used in the planning, design, analysis, and operation of virtually any highway traffic facility in the United States. It has also been widely used around the globe and has inspired the development of similar manuals in other countries. This book is Volume II of a series on the conceptual and research origins of the methodologies found in the Highway Capacity Manual. It focuses on the most complex points in a traffic system: signalized and unsignalized intersections, and the concepts and methodologies developed over the years to model their operations. It also includes an overview of the fundamental concepts of capacity and level of service, particularly as applied to intersections. The historical roots of the manual and its contents are important to understanding current methodologies, and improving them in the future. As such, this book is a valuable resource for current and future users of the Highway Capacity Manual, as well as researchers and developers involved in advancing the state-of-the-art in the field.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Highway Capacity Manual and the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service
Abstract
The Highway Capacity Manual is one of the most fundamental documents used in the transportation and traffic engineering profession. It provides for the systematic design and evaluation of traffic facilities with regard to their capacity, and the quality of traffic service provided to facility users. This chapter provides an overview and history of the document itself, and its development over the years.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 2. Fundamental Concepts for Interrupted Flow
Abstract
Any discussion of capacity analysis for signalized intersections must begin with a common vocabulary concerning key factors and measures describing the operation of traffic signals. Unfortunately, this vocabulary has changed over the years. It is useful, however, to use a common nomenclature in discussing any of the historic or current analysis methodologies.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 3. Concepts of Capacity and Level of Service for Interrupted Flow
Abstract
The general concepts of capacity and level of service are discussed in great detail in Chaps. 2 and 3 of Volume 1 of this manuscript. This chapter reviews some of the development history of these critical concepts, and specifically discusses their application to interrupted flow facilities.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 4. Unsignalized Intersections: Two-Way STOP Control (TWSC)
Abstract
By definition, an “unsignalized” intersection is any at-grade intersection that is not controlled by a traffic signal. The term covers a wide variety of situations, including a) uncontrolled intersections, b) two-way STOP-controlled intersections (TWSC), c) two-way YIELD-controlled intersections, c) all-way STOP-controlled intersections (AWSC), and roundabouts. This chapter details the development of procedures for analysis of TWSC intersections. Chapter 5 will cover AWSC intersections, and Chap. 6 will cover roundabouts.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 5. Unsignalized Intersections: All-Way STOP Control (AWSC)
Abstract
All-way STOP-controlled intersections have a STOP sign on every approach to the intersection. The 1965 HCM referred to these as “four-way STOP-controlled” intersections, but three-leg intersections and intersections of one-way streets, which have only two approaches, also qualify if fully STOP controlled. YIELD signs, of course, may not be used in such situations.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 6. Unsignalized Intersections: Roundabouts
Abstract
Europe has made extensive use of roundabouts for many decades, and traffic circles, often around significant monuments, have been around for centuries. While some traffic circles and roundabouts have always existed in the U.S., interest in their ability to reduce delays (compared to signalized intersections) and create safer and more efficient flow began to increase in the 1980s and 1990s. A formal methodology for analysis of roundabouts first appeared in the 1997 update to the 1985 HCM [1]. It was somewhat expanded (editorially) for 2000, and significantly expanded in 2010, with minor changes in 2016.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 7. Signalized Intersections: 1950 Through 1980
Abstract
Perhaps the most complex point in any traffic network is the signalized intersection. At a typical signalized intersection with four entry approaches on two two-way streets, there are 12 vehicular movements (4 approaches, each with a left-turn, through, and right-turn movement), four crosswalk pedestrian flows, and bicycles that must be taken into consideration. The intricacies of signal timing have a significant impact on operations, as does the physical design of each approach. Moreover, the “intersection” does not operate as a whole: each approach can have different demands and experience different operating conditions. The development of capacity and level of service analysis methodologies for signalized intersections reflects the complexity of operations in the field, and the number of underlying factors that influence them. This chapter details signalized intersection analysis methodologies from their beginnings in the 1950 HCM through the 1980 Interim Procedures for Highway Capacity.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 8. Signalized Intersections: 1985 Through 2000
Abstract
Between 1980 and 1985, the Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Committee moved to adopt a signalized intersection methodology based upon critical movements. This approach to timing and analysis of signalized intersections had been used by Bruce Greenshields in the early 1950s, and had been developed by Don Berry and others. The methodology incorporated into the 1985 HCM [1] was based on the work of Carroll Messer and Dan Fambro [2], which was modified and calibrated under an NCHRP contract by William Reilly of JHK and Associates [3].
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 9. The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manual Signalized Intersection Methodology
Abstract
The 2010 HCM (Highway Capacity Manua in Special report 209, Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., [1]) signalized intersection methodology completely changed the organization and emphasis of the chapter on isolated signalized intersections. Previous versions of the signalized intersection chapter presented a pretimed methodology, with an appendix added in 1997 containing an outline for determining an average cycle length and phase times for an actuated controller. The 2010 and 2016 HCMs are organized to present the methodology for an actuated signal, with pretimed signal phasing handled as a subset of the actuated controller methodology by setting all the recall settings to maximum.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 10. Signalized Intersections—Planning Methodology
Abstract
The first appearance of a formal planning methodology for signalized intersections appears in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual (Highway Capacity Manual in Special report 209. Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C. 1985, [1]). It was introduced because in 1985, doing a quick hand-computed assessment of a signalized intersection became extremely difficult and time-consuming. By 2000 and beyond, it became virtually impossible. The model for the initial planning approach became the signalized intersection methodology introduced in TRB Circular 212 in 1980 (Interim Materials on Highway Capacity in Circular 212. Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., 1980, [2]). To this day, there are some agencies that continue to use the Circular 212 methodology because of its simplicity and ease of use.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Chapter 11. Comments and Recommendations
Abstract
This chapter contains thoughts and recommendations of the authors on the future development and use of the Highway Capacity Manual.
Elena S. Prassas, Roger P. Roess
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
The Highway Capacity Manual: A Conceptual and Research History Volume 2
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. Elena S. Prassas
Prof. Dr. Roger P. Roess
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-34480-1
Print ISBN
978-3-030-34478-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34480-1

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