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2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. The Latest “Normal”

verfasst von : Yasmine Hayek Kobeissi

Erschienen in: Multifractal Financial Markets

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

Today, we are in the midst of an undesirable mix of tight economic and financial conditions. Opaque derivative products which include among others Collateralized-Debt-Obligations and Exchange-Traded Funds continue to shape the markets. Economists need to rethink certain economic concepts and relationships. Actually, fiscal stimulus spending is not stimulating anything. The deadly embrace between over-indebted sovereigns and over-leveraged banks has created a vicious cycle. Faced with these new economic and financial market imbalances, portfolio management has become much more difficult. We need to arm ourselves with how to manage tail risks against the inevitable and recurring loss of confidence which comes from market instability. We must adapt continuously along with the market whatever the pressure. Acknowledging errors and adjusting to them is crucial. Understanding market events and their effects on the market system is an essential element toward building a financial warning system. To this end, we need to identify all pre-switching points; implement them in algorithms that can trigger a warning signal. If we think of Keynes levels, the sixth level would be to have a drummer like mind … to be ahead of the beat. In the end what we achieve by understanding markets’ fractality is more than a tool; it is a way of thinking.

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Fußnoten
1
Brokerage firms encourage this type of aggressive management because they significantly increase the volume of daily transactions and consequently, their fees.
 
2
This is similar to the purchase of a put except that CDS are bilateral contracts.
 
3
The amount of the premiums (or spreads) paid to a given issuer gives an indication of the market appreciation and the quality of this issuer.
 
4
iShares began recently in 2011 to publish a detailed quarterly report outlining all its ETFs’ securities lending activities.
 
5
Especially european regulations. In the USA, the US 1940 Investment Act, require an ETF to own the constituent assets of the index it is tracking to be classified as a fund.
 
6
Same principle applies in religion: religious laws have to be taken as general guiding rules but should not ordinarily intrude in an individuals’ daily life. Once a society reaches the level of detailed governmental guidance, it is on its way to servitude and can then be easily manipulated into extremism.
 
7
Questions persist regarding governments’ ability to control financial activities given the difficulties of evaluating and accounting for complex derivative products or illiquid assets.
 
8
Some activities cannot be regulated by the market place as they can cause damage to third parties or negative economic outcomes known as negative externalities.
 
9
Jerome L. Stein’s paper on Stochastic Optimal Control (SOC) (Stein, 2010) Analysis focused on the question: What is an optimal debt or leverage that maximizes the expected growth of net worth and is based upon significant risk aversion? The Stochastic Optimal Control Analysis provides another tool of analysis and derives the time varying optimal debt ratio.
1.
The optimum debt ratio or leverage maximizes the expected growth of net worth.
 
2.
As the debt ratio rises above the optimum, the expected growth of net worth declines and the risk rises.
 
3.
The probability of a crisis is positively related to excess debt, equal to the difference between the actual and optimal debt ratio, measured in standard deviations.
 
4.
An unambiguous early warning signal (EWS) of a debt crisis would be that the leverage f(t) = L(t)/X(t) exceeds f-max, so that the expected growth of net worth is negative and the risk is high.
 
 
10
Since the beginning of the mortgage crisis in 2007, Central banks have injected liquidity (through bank loans, at very short terms), in vain.
 
11
These agencies have, since 2000, lightened their rating criteria and modified their evaluation models.
 
12
This pertains to the greed of portfolio managers and all other control cells (such as the case of Kerviel of the Société Générale bank and many other management platforms who registered heavy losses from the failure of risk follow-up either at the level of internal information procedures or of calculations). It should also be noted that the investments in internal technology systems and platforms in financial institutions have not been sufficient.
 
13
During the real estate boom, debtors refinanced their mortgages under the best of conditions given the over-valuing of their mortgages, or sold at inflated prices. This was no longer possible after the bursting of the real estate bubble.
 
14
In the process, however, these nations forgot about other companies in need.
 
15
In 1990, Sweden nationalized several banks and created a “bad bank” which bought toxic assets after discount, leaving the financial institutions to manage their more liquid assets.
 
Metadaten
Titel
The Latest “Normal”
verfasst von
Yasmine Hayek Kobeissi
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4490-9_6