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Erschienen in: Human Rights Review 3/2016

17.06.2016

The Legitimacy of Using the Harm Principle in Cases of Religious Freedom Within Education

verfasst von: Georgia du Plessis

Erschienen in: Human Rights Review | Ausgabe 3/2016

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Abstract

John Stuart Mill’s famous “harm principle” has been popular in the limitation of freedoms within human rights jurisprudence. It has been used formally in court cases and also informally in legal argumentation and conversation. Shortly, it is described as a very simple principle that amounts to the notion that persons are at liberty to do what they want as long as their actions do not harm any other person or society in general. This article questions whether it is legitimate to use the harm principle in cases concerning the limitation of religious freedom within education. For example, can the exemption of a learner from sex education (based on religious objections) be denied based on the argument that such an exemption will cause harm? In order to answer this question, the meaning, origin and use of the harm principle are investigated. This article also discusses four main criticisms against the use of this principle in general and in cases of religious freedom of learners in education.

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Fußnoten
1
John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) was raised in the tradition of Philosophical Radicalism (Brink 2013, p. 1).
 
2
Emphasis added. Gray 1996, p. 48.
 
3
One of the objectives of non-confessional religious education is to provide learners with an enlightened view of other religions. For example, in South Africa (a liberal democracy) paragraph 7 of the South African National Policy on Religion and Education, 2003, the aim of religious education is stated to build a future based on progressive values. Paragraph 18 states that it has to provide the desirable social ends, such as expanding understanding, increasing tolerance, and reducing prejudice…”
 
4
See for example, Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen Application no. 5095/71; 5920/72; 5926/72, 7 December 1976.
 
5
R v. Malmo-Levine; R v. Caine [2003] 3 SCR 571 and Amselem v Syndicat Northcrest [2004] 2 RCS.
 
6
Application no. 319/08
 
7
Also see S.L. v. Commission scolaire des Chênes, 2012 SCC.
 
8
Commonwealth v. Bonadio, 490 Pa. 91, 415 A.2d 47 (1980), p. 96.
 
9
Also see In the matter of Conservatorship of Groves, 109 S.W. 3d 317, 328 (Tenn. Ct. App.2003) and Armstrong v. State, 989 P.2d 364, 373 (Mont. Sup. Ct. 1999).
 
10
R v Malmo-Levine, 2003 SCC 74: par 111.
 
11
“Everyone has the right to life…except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice”.
 
12
Malmo-Levine, par 127.
 
13
Mill (1859, p. 53) argues that there should be different “experiments of living” and “free scope” should be given to variation of character, short of injuring others. How he reconciles this with utilitarianism is much debated and can be found in Gray (1996).
 
14
Application no. 7511/76; 7743/76, 25 February 1982, paragraph 33.
 
15
In history society’s perception of children’s sexuality and their sexual knowledge has shifted significantly and differed between cultures (Sauerteig and Davidson 2009, p. 2).
 
16
Paris, 20.III.1952.
 
17
Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Constitution Act 1982 states: “1. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law…”
 
18
“1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion…subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals…”.
 
19
Article 9(2): “Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs shall be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.”
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Legitimacy of Using the Harm Principle in Cases of Religious Freedom Within Education
verfasst von
Georgia du Plessis
Publikationsdatum
17.06.2016
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Human Rights Review / Ausgabe 3/2016
Print ISSN: 1524-8879
Elektronische ISSN: 1874-6306
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-016-0415-5

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