nach oben

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal

Erschienen in:

01.06.2009

The motives of off-the-books entrepreneurs: necessity- or opportunity-driven?

verfasst von: Colin C. Williams

Erschienen in: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal | Ausgabe 2/2009

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

In recent years, it has become common to represent entrepreneurs as either necessity- or opportunity-driven. Drawing upon face-to-face interviews in England with 70 entrepreneurs trading wholly or partially off-the-books, this paper evaluates critically this dichotomous representation. The finding is that squeezing the motives of off-the-books entrepreneurs into one side or the other of this dichotomy not only over-simplifies their rationales since both necessity and opportunity motives are often involved but also obfuscates how their motives change over time. The outcome is a call to replace this either/or depiction with a richer and more nuanced both/and understanding of off-the-books entrepreneurs that recognises their diverse and dynamic motives.

Vorheriger Artikel A hierarchical perspective of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation

Nächster Artikel HR practices in US and Australian family wineries: cultural contrasts and performance impact

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Although most literature on off-the-books work reads the motives of participants through the lens of the necessity/opportunity dichotomy, the ethnographic accounts by Monder Ram and his colleagues are the exception (see Jones et al. 2004; Ram et al. 2001, 2002a, b, 2003).

Aidis, R., Welter, F., Smallbone, D., & Isakova, N. (2006). Female entrepreneurship in transition e: the case of Lithuania and Ukraine. Feminist Economics, 13(2), 157–183.CrossRef

Baty, G. (1990). Entrepreneurship in the nineties. London: Prentice Hall.

Blanchflower, D. G., & Meyer, B. D. (1991). Longitudinal analysis of young entrepreneurs in Australia and the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 3746.

Bögenhold, D. (1987). De Gründerboom: Realität unde mythos de neuen Selbständigkeit. Frankfurt: Campus.

Bolton, B., & Thompson, J. (2000). Entrepreneurs: Talent, temperament, technique. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Brockhaus, R. H., & Horowitz, P. S. (1986). The psychology of the entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23, 29–45.

Browne, K. E. (2004). Creole economics: Caribbean cunning under the French flag. Austin: University of Texas.

Burns, P. (2001). Entrepreneurship and small business. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Carr, P. (2002). Enterprise culture: Understanding a misunderstood concept. In G. Beaver (Ed.), Small business, entrepreneurship and enterprise development. London: Prentice Hall.

Castells, M., & Portes, A. (1989). World underneath: The origins, dynamics and effects of the informal economy. In A. Portes, M. Castells, & L. A. Benton (Eds.), The informal economy: Studies in advanced and less developing countries. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Chell, E., Haworth, J., & Brearly, S. (1991). The entrepreneurial personality: Concepts, cases and categories. London: Routledge.

Cole, A. H. (1969). Definition of entrepreneurship. In J. Komives (Ed.), Karl A. Bostrum Seminar in the study of enterprise. Milwaukee: Centre for Venture Management.

Cooper, A. C. (1981). Strategic management: new ventures and small businesses. Long Range Planning, 14, 39–45.CrossRef

Cross, J. C. (1997). Entrepreneurship and exploitation: measuring independence and dependence in the informal economy. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 17, 37–63.CrossRef

Cross, J. C. (2000). Street vendors, modernity and postmodernity: conflict and compromise in the global economy. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 20, 29–51.CrossRef

De Soto, H. (1989). The other path: The economic answer to terrorism. London: Harper and Row.

De Soto, H. (2001). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. London: Black Swan.

European Commission (1998). Communication of the Commission on Undeclared Work. Retrieved from http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/empl_esf/docs/com98-0219_en.pdf.

Evans, M., Syrett, S., & Williams, C. C. (2006). The informal economy and deprived neighbourhoods: A systematic review. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.

Fortin, B., Garneau, G., Lacroix, G., Lemieux, T., & Montmarquette, C. (1996). L’Economie Souterraine au Quebec: Mythes et realites. Laval: Presses de l’Universite Laval.

Franks, J. R. (1994). Macroeconomic policy and the informal economy. In C. A. Rakowski (Ed.), Contrapunto: The informal sector debate in Latin America. New York: State University of New York Press.

Gallin, D. (2001). Propositions on trade unions and informal employment in time of globalization. Antipode, 19, 531–49.CrossRef

Gerxhani, K. (2004). The informal sector in developed and less developed countries: a literature survey. Public Choice, 120, 267–300.CrossRef

Harding, R. (2003). Global entrepreneurship monitor business start-up activity. London: London Business School.

Harding, R., Brooksbank, D., Hart, M., Jones-Evans, D., Levie, J., O’Reilly, J., et al. (2006). Global entrepreneurship monitor United Kingdom 2005. London: London Business School, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.

Hull, D., Bosley, J. J., & Udell, G. G. (1980). Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics. Journal of Small Business, 18, 11–18.

International Labour Office (2002). Decent work and the informal economy. International Labour Office: Geneva.

Jensen, L., Cornwell, G. T., & Findeis, J. L. (1995). Informal work in nonmetropolitan Pennsylvania. Rural Sociology, 60, 91–107.

Jones, T., Ram, M., & Edwards, P. (2004). Illegal immigrants and the informal economy: worker and employer experiences in the Asian underground economy. International Journal of Economic Development, 6, 92–106.

Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Katungi, D., Neale, E., & Barbour, A. (2006). People in low-paid informal work: Need not greed. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Kitchen, R., & Tate, N. (2001). Conducting research in human geography: Theory, practice and methodology. London: Prentice Hall.

Lagos, R. A. (1995). Formalising the informal sector: barriers and costs. Development and Change, 26, 110–131.CrossRef

Leonard, M. (1994). Informal economic activity in belfast. Aldershot: Avebury.

Lozano, B. (1989). The invisible workforce: Transforming American business with outside and home-based workers. New York: The Free Press.

MacDonald, R. (1994). Fiddly jobs, undeclared working and the something for nothing society. Work, Employment and Society, 8, 507–530.

Maldonado, C. (1995). The informal sector: legalization or laissez-faire? International Labour Review, 134, 705–728.

Maritz, A. (2004). New Zealand necessity entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 1, 255–264.CrossRef

McClelland, D. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.

Mingione, E. (1991). Fragmented societies: A sociology of economic life beyond the market paradigm. Oxford: Blackwell.

Minniti, M., Bygrave, W., & Autio, E. (2006). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 2005 executive report. London: London Business School.

ODPM (2000). Index of multiple deprivation. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.

Pahl, R. E. (1984). Divisions of labour. Oxford: Blackwell.

Perunović, Z. (2005). Introducing opportunity-based entrepreneurship in a transition economy. Michigan: Policy Brief 39, The William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan.

Portes, A., & Walton, J. (1981). Labor, class and the international system. New York: Academic.

Raijman, R. (2001). Mexican immigrants and informal self-employment in Chicago. Human Organization, 60, 47–55.

Rakowski, C. (1994). The informal sector debate, part II: 1984–1993. In C. A. Rakowski (Ed.), Contrapunto: The informal sector debate in Latin America. New York: State University of New York Press.

Ram, M., Edwards, P., & Jones, T. (2002a). Employers and illegal migrant workers in the clothing and restaurant sectors. London: DTI Central Unit Research.

Ram, M., Edwards, P., Gilman, M., & Arrowsmith, J. (2001). The dynamics of informality: employment relations in small firms and the effects of regulatory change. Work, Employment and Society, 15, 845–861.CrossRef

Ram, M., Gilman, M., Arrowsmith, J., & Edwards, P. (2003). Once more into the sunset? Asian clothing firms after the National Minimum Wage. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 71, 238–261.

Ram, M., Jones, T., Abbas, T., & Sanghera, B. (2002b). Ethnic minority enterprise in its urban context: south Asian restaurants in Birmingham. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26, 24–40.CrossRef

Renooy, P. (1990). The informal economy: Meaning, measurement and social significance. Netherlands Geographical Studies No. 115, Amsterdam.

Renooy, P., Ivarsson, S., van der Wusten-Gritsai, O., & Meijer, R. (2004). Undeclared work in an enlarged union: An analysis of shadow work - an in-depth study of specific items. Brussels: European Commission.

Rosanvallon, P. (1980). Le developpement de l’economie souterraine et l’avenir des societe industrielles. Le Debat, 2, 8–23.

Rouse, M., & Dallenbach, U. (1999). Rethinking research methods for the resource-based perspective: Isolating sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 487–94CrossRef

Sassen, S. (1997). Informalisation in advanced market economies. Issues in Development Discussion Paper 20. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Schumpeter, J. A. (1996). The theory of economic development. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1991). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23–45

Small Business Council (2004). Small business in the informal economy: Making the transition to the formal economy. London: Small Business Council.

Small Business Service (2006). Annual survey of small businesses: UK 2004/05. Sheffield: Small Business Service.

Smallbone, D., & Welter, F. (2004). Entrepreneurship in transition economies: Necessity or opportunity driven? Retrieved 9 June 2008 from www.babson.edu/entrep/fer/BABSON2003/XXV/XXV-S8/xxv-s8.htm.

Snyder, K. A. (2004). Routes to the informal economy in New York’s East village: crisis, economics and identity. Sociological Perspectives, 47, 215–240.CrossRef

Stebbins, R. A. (2004). Serious leisure, volunteerism and quality of life. In J. T. Haworth & A. J. Veal (Eds.), Work and leisure. London: Routledge.

Storey, D. J., & Sykes, N. (1996). Uncertainty, innovation and management. In P. Burns, & J. Dewhurst (Eds.), Small business and entrepreneurship. London: Macmillan.

Thomas, J. J. (1992). Informal economic activity. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Travers, A. (2002). Prospects for enterprise: An investigation into the motivations of workers in the informal economy. Evidence paper No.2. London: Community Links.

Van Geuns, R., Mevissen, J., & Renooy, P. (1987). The spatial and sectoral diversity of the informal economy. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 78, 389–398.CrossRef

Williams, C. C. (2004). Cash-in-hand work: The underground sector and the hidden economy of favours. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Williams, C. C. (2005a). Small business in the informal economy: Making the transition to the formal economy - the evidence base. London: Small Business Service.

Williams, C. C. (2005b). The undeclared sector, self-employment and public policy. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 11, 244–257.CrossRef

Williams, C. C. (2006). The hidden enterprise culture: Entrepreneurship in the underground economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Williams, C. C., & Windebank, J. (1998). Informal employment in the advanced economies: Implications for work and welfare. London: Routledge.

Titel: The motives of off-the-books entrepreneurs: necessity- or opportunity-driven?
verfasst von: Colin C. Williams
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2009
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal / Ausgabe 2/2009
Print ISSN: 1554-7191
Elektronische ISSN: 1555-1938
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0098-8

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2009

Book review: Capitalism and commerce: Conceptual foundations of free enterprise

Legitimating behaviors and firm emergence: a resource dependence perspective

HR practices in US and Australian family wineries: cultural contrasts and performance impact

A hierarchical perspective of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation

Succession in family firms from a multistaged perspective

Human capital and sustainable competitive advantage: an analysis of the relationship between training and performance

Premium Partner