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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. The Neoliberal Ideologue

verfasst von : Sarah Comyn

Erschienen in: Political Economy and the Novel

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Comyn examines the vision of a market-based ethics and ideology expounded in Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged (1957) and Friedrich von Hayek’s The Road to Serfdom (1944). Comyn argues that while the moral code proposed by Atlas Shrugged means that it remains a controversial novel, its celebration of homo economicus as a creative individual and its belief that this individual’s unwavering pursuit of wealth, self-interest and success is in some manner beneficial for society as a whole, is emblematic of the neoliberal turn in economics. Despite neoliberal economists’ claims and celebrations of the amorality of the market, this chapter illustrates how neoliberalism frames the market as a morally superior system to socialism.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Woolf, Keynes, and the Compulsion to Consume

Nächstes Kapitel The Asymmetric Prostate: Symptoms of a Failed Technocrat in Cosmopolis

Whittaker Chambers, “Big Sister Is Watching You”, National Review, 28 November 1957, 596.

Alan Greenspan, “Atlas Shrugged”, New York Times, 3 November 1957, 283.

The conservative political commentator has frequently written about how businessmen are “Going Galt”. See, for example, Michelle Malkin, ““Going Galt” and the Next Tea Party Wave”, Michelle Malkin, 4 March 2009, http://michellemalkin.com/2009/03/04/going-galt-and-the-next-tea-party-wave/.

In his 2006 Hayek Lecture, Lord Robert Skidelsky refers to Churchill’s “notorious election broadcast on June 4, 1945”, where he “took up the theme” of the book “claim [ing] that if the Labour Party won, its leaders ‘would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo, no doubt very humanely directed in the first instance.’” Robert Skidelsky, “The Road to Serfdom Revisited”, The Hayek Lecture, Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, 2006.

Ayn Rand to Rose Wilder Lane, 21 August 1946, in Letters of Ayn Rand, ed. Michael S. Berliner (New York: Dutton, 1995), 308.

See, for example, Chris Matthew Sciabarra and Larry J. Sechrest, eds. “Centenary Symposium, Part II: Ayn Rand Among the Austrians”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 6, no. 2 (Spring 2005); and especially, Steven Horwitz, “Two Worlds at Once: Rand, Hayek and the Ethics of the Micro-and Macro Cosmos”, in “Centenary Symposium, Part II: Ayn Rand Among the Austrians”, ed. Chris Matthew Sciabarra and Larry J. Sechrest, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 6, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 375–403.

Friedrich von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944; London: Routledge, 2007), 2.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 4.

Richard J. Overy, The Twilight Years: The Paradox of Britain Between the Wars (New York: Viking, 2009), 50.

Overy, The Twilight Years, 50. Sidney Webb, interestingly, “played the crucial role in founding [the London School of Economics]” where Hayek taught during the 30s. See, Alan O. Ebenstein, Friedrich Hayek: a Biography (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 120.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 147.

Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), 61 (emphasis in original).

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 38.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 13–14.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 43.

Ebenstein, Friedrich Hayek, 72.

Ayn Rand, Ayn Rand’s Marginalia: Her Critical Comments on the Writings of over 20 Authors ed. Robert Mayhew (New Milford: Second Renaissance Books 1995), 146.

See, Rand et al., Journals of Ayn Rand (New York: Plume, 1999).

Ayn Rand to Rose Wilder Lane, 21 August 1946, in Letters of Ayn Rand, ed. Michael S. Berliner (Harmondsworth: Dutton, 1995), 307.

Ayn Rand to Leonard Read, 1 August 1946, in Letters of Ayn Rand, ed. Michael S. Berliner (Harmondsworth: Dutton, 1995), 299.

John Chamberlain, introduction to The Road to Serfdom, by Friedrich von Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944), v–vi.

Ebenstein, Friedrich Hayek, 135.

Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics Lectures at the College de France, 1978–1979 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 216.

Ebenstein, Friedrich Hayek, 136.

Rand to Read, 1 August 1946, 299.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 12.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 16–17.

Waleed Aly, “What’s Right? The Future of Conservatism in Australia”, Quarterly Essay 37 (2010), 27.

G. L. S. Shackle, “F. A. Hayek”, in Pioneers of Modern Economics in Britain, ed. D. P. O’Brien and John R. Presley (Totowa: Barnes & Noble Books, 1981), 253–254.

Recall Marshall’s scissors of supply and demand, discussed in the previous chapter.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 37–38.

See, for example, Gary Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, 3rd ed. (1964; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); and “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of Political Economy, 76, no. 2 (March-April 1968): 169–217.

Aly, “What’s Right?”, 30.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 114.

Hayek, Individualism and the Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 15–16.

Hayek, Individualism and the Economic Order, 16.

Hayek, Individualism and the Economic Order, 115.

Aly, “What’s Right?”, 31.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 43.

J. M. Keynes, A Tract on Monetary Reform (London: Macmillan, 1923), 80.

Rachel S. Turner, Neo-liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), 51.

Turner, Neo-liberal Ideology, 51.

Aly, “What’s Right?”, 31.

David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 3.

Gore Vidal, “Comment, July 1961”, Esquire 1961, http://www.esquire.com/features/gore-vidal-archive/comment-0761.

Turner, Neo-liberal Ideology, 67.

George Orwell, “Review of the Road to Serfdom by F. A. Hayek, Etc”, in As I Please, 1943–1945: The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, Vol. 3 (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), 118.

Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged (1957; London: Penguin Books, 2007), 155.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 150.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 151.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 159.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 251.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 276.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 798.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 413.

Ayn Rand, introduction to Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, ed. Ayn Rand (New York: New American Library, 1967), ix.

Greenspan, “Gold and Economic Freedom” in Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, ed. Ayn Rand (New York: New American Library, 1967), 96.

Greenspan, “Gold and Economic Freedom”, 96.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 717–718.

Greenspan, “Gold and Economic Freedom”, 100.

Hayek, “A Regulated Gold Standard”, Economist (1935): 1077.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 93.

Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 18.

Rand, introduction to Capitalism, vii.

Rand, introduction to Capitalism, viii (emphasis in original).

Ayn Rand, The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers, ed. Tore Boeckmann (New York: Plume, 2000), 9, 10 (emphasis in original).

Rand, The Romantic Manifesto (New York: Signet Books, 1971), 162–164 (emphasis in original).

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 1019–1020.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 1022 (emphasis in original).

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 731.

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 1109.

Rand, The Art of Fiction, 10.

J. M. Keynes to Friedrich von Hayek, 28 June 1944, Typescript, Keynes Correspondence, Box 30: Folder 19, Friedrich A. von Hayek Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University. Unpublished writings of J. M. Keynes copyright The Provost and Scholars of King’s College Cambridge 2018.

Mont Pelerin Society, “Statement of Aims”, 8 April 1947, https://www.montpelerin.org/statement-of-aims/.

Jennifer Burns, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 105.

Burns, Goddess of the Market, 105.

See, for example, Alan Ebenstein, Friedrich Hayek, 207.

Rand, “A Suggestion”, The Objectivist Newsletter 2, no. 10 (October 1963): 40.

Rand, “A Suggestion”, 40.

Ayn Rand, “How to Judge a Political Candidate”, The Objectivist Newsletter 3, no. 3 (March 1964): 9, Ayn Rand Papers 025-25X, Ayn Rand Archives, a department of the Ayn Rand Institute.

Rand, “A Suggestion”, 40.

Burns, A Goddess of the Market, 204.

Burns, A Goddess of the Market, 208.

Burns, A Goddess of the Market, 209.

Ayn Rand, Progress File: Newspaper Clippings, Marginalia, Ayn Rand Papers 022-06X [Progress File], Ayn Rand Archives, a department of the Ayn Rand Institute.

Ayn Rand, “The New Fascism: Rule by Consensus” in Capitalism: An Unknown Ideal, ed. Ayn Rand (New York: New American Library, 1967), 208.

Ludwig von Mises to Ayn Rand, 23 January 1958, Mises Institute, https://mises.org/library/ludwig-von-misess-letter-rand-atlas-shrugged.

Burns, Goddess of the Market, 103.

In June 1966, Ronald Reagan wrote to the President of Ampower Corporation, Mr William Vandersteel, thanking him for sending him an “Ayn Rand essay” adding, “I’m a great admirer of hers, but I hadn’t seen this one.” Ronald Reagan to Mr Vandersteel, 2 June 1996, in Reagan: A Life in Letters ed. Kiron K. Skinner, Annelise Anderson, and Martin Anderson (New York: Free Press, 2003), 281–282. Similarly, Malcolm Fraser claimed that Atlas Shrugged was his favourite book. See David A. Andelman, “Aggressive Leader for Australia”, New York Times, 15 December 1975, 22.

Jerome Tuccille, Alan Shrugged: The Life and Times of Alan Greenspan, the World’s Most Powerful Banker (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), 116.

Included in the vast selection of articles and newspapers belonging to Rand that form part of the Ayn Rand Archives, there are a number of folders concerning Alan Greenspan.

Soma Golden, “Why Greenspan said ʻYesʼ”, New York Times, 28 July, 28, 1974, 1, ARP 016-18A/ARC 04-18-A [“The Collective” and associates (in print)], Ayn Rand Archives.

Golden, “Why Greenspan said ʻYesʼ”, 1.

Alan Greenspan, Letter to the Editor, Fortune Magazine, 7 Jan. 1964, Typescript, ARC 04-18-A. Ayn Rand Archives. Courtesy of Alan Greenspan.

Burns, Goddess of the Market, 269.

100

John Ehrman, The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 36.

101

Ehrman, The Eighties, 36–37.

102

Rand, Atlas Shrugged, 1011.

103

Thomas F. Bertonneau, “Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged: From Romantic Fallacy to Holocaustic Imagination”, Modern Age 46, no. 4 (2004): 297–298.

104

See, for example, Patricia Donegan’s review in the Commonweal in 1957 where she argues that “[p]urporting to be a novel, Atlas Shrugged is a cumbersome, lumbering vehicle in which characterization, plot and reality are subordinated to the author’s expression of a personal philosophy”. Donegan, “Atlas Shrugged”, Commonweal, 8 November 1957.

105

Michael Tomasky, “Republican Days of Wrath”, New York Review of Books, 29 September 2011, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2011/09/29/republican-days-wrath/.

106

Tomasky, “Republican Days of Wrath”.

107

Michelle Malkin, “ʻGoing Galtʼ and the Next Tea Party Wave”.

108

See, for example, Judson Phillips, “Why the Tea Party is Unyielding on the Debt Ceiling”, Washington Post, 27 July 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-the-tea-party-is-unyielding-on-the-debt-ceiling/2011/07/27/gIQAGvEVdI_story.html?tid=ss_mail&utm_term=.7799c373a3ec.

109

See, for example, Megan Gibson, “The Tea Party and Ayn Rand’s ʻAtlas Shruggedʼ”, Guardian, 22 April 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/apr/22/tea-party-movement-republicans; Michelle Malkin, “ʻGoing Galtʼ and the Next Tea Party Wave”. “Going Galt” even has an entry in the Urban Dictionary: https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Going%20Galt.

110

David Weigel, “Congressman: We’re living in ʻAtlas Shruggedʼ”, The Washington Independent, 4 March 2009, http://washingtonindependent.com/32415/congressman-were-living-in-atlas-shrugged.

111

As Rachel Weiner notes, Ryan has since distanced himself from Rand’s philosophy. See, Rachel Weiner, “Paul Ryan and Ayn Rand”, Washington Post, 13 August 2012. http://wapo.st/P8hlSU?tid=ss_mail&utm_term=.e8021ab6f3fb.

112

Paul Ryan, “Our Founding Principles: The Conservative Roadmap for America’s Future” (CPAC Keynote Address, 26 February 2009), http://www.p2012.org/photos09/cpac2009/cpacryan022609spt.html.

113

Craig Gilbert, “Ryan Shines as GOP Seeks Vision”, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, n.d., http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/43705712.html.

114

On 6 November 1959, the firm Townsend-Greenspan distributed D’Anconia’s “money speech” with a note attached that recommended Atlas Shrugged to their staff and described it as a “philosophical business novel”. Townsend-Greenspan, Letter to Staff, 6 November 1959, cited in Jennifer Burns, “The Root of All Good”, Journal of Cultural Economy, 4, no. 3 (2011): 329. On Ryan and Rand, see Jane Mayer, “Ayn Rand joins the ticket”, New Yorker Blogs, 11 August 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2012/08/paul-ryan-and-ayn-rand.html.

115

See, for example, Edmund L. Andrews, “Greenspan Concedes Error on Regulation”, New York Times, 23 October 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/business/economy/24panel.html.

Titel: The Neoliberal Ideologue
verfasst von: Sarah Comyn
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Political Economy and the Novel
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94324-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-94325-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94325-1_6

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