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Erschienen in:
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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. The Nordic Region (NORDEN) – History and the Present

verfasst von : Ryszard M. Czarny

Erschienen in: A Modern Nordic Saga : Politics, Economy and Society

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Geographical proximity, shared historical experiences, similarity of national features and social processes, cultures and values, as well as the convergence of legal systems and organizational structures are the determinants bonding the Nordic countries and also deciding about the specific character of the region. This context also includes regional identity and the feeling of belonging to a broader, Nordic commonwealth.

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Nächstes Kapitel Norden as the Region of Cooperation
Fußnoten
1
An equivalent of the word “Norden” in Finland is Pohjola, while in Iceland it is Nordurland.
 
2
In addition, Estonia also claims to be a Nordic country. See: Estonia as a Nordic Country, http://​www.​vm.​ee/​eng/​nato/​1210.​html
 
3
See: I. Jansson, The Viking Heritage a Dialogue between Cultures, Borås 1996; E. Roesdahl, Historia Wikingów, Gdańsk 2001; J. Wooding, Wikingowie, Warszawa 2001, and The Viking Discovery of America (F. Hødnebø, J. Krisjansson, eds.), pp. 101–134, Oslo 1991.
 
4
Danish king during the Viking era. Gudfred was the younger son of King Sigfred. Alternate spellings include Godfred, Göttrick (German), Gøtrik (Danish), Gudrød (Danish), and Godofredus (Latin).
 
5
Gorm the Old (Dan. Gorm den Gamle) ruled the country in the years 934–958; traditionally recognized as the first king of Denmark.
 
6
Olaf, byname Olaf the Tax King, Old Swedish Olof Skötkonung (died 1022, Sweden), King of Sweden (c. 980–1022) whose apparent efforts to impose Christianity were frustrated by the leading non-Christian Swedish chieftains. The son of King Erik the Victorious and Gunhild, the sister of Bolesław, the Christian king of Poland, http://​www.​britannica.​com/​EBchecked/​topic/​426649/​Olaf
 
7
Legend has it that during fighting over Estonia, and more precisely during the victorious battle of Lyndanisse, a red flag with a white cross fell from the skies, which was later to become the national flag of Denmark (Dannebrog). The characteristic pattern (the Scandinavian cross) appears later on the flags of all other Nordic countries and territories (Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, the Faroes, and Aland Islands). See: National Flag, http://​www.​denmark.​dk/​en/​menu/​About-Denmark/​The-Danes/​National-Flag/​
 
9
Other sources claim that ca. 100 people were murdered; see: Kalmarunionen 1397–1523, Institut for Historie og Områdestudier, Aarhus Universitet, http://​danmarkshistorie​n.​dk/​leksikon-og-kilder/​vis/​materiale/​kalmarunionen-1397-1523/​?​tx_​historyview_​pi1
 
12
The territory of Denmark comprised the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian Peninsula (the regions of Skåne, Halland and Blekinge) which allowed the state to control the Danish Straits, i.e. all vessels between the Baltic and the North Seas.
 
14
Swedish Livonia became part of Sweden through the Truce of Altmark signed in 1629.
 
15
More on the subject in: L. Elgklou, Bernadotte. Historien och historier – om en familj, Stockholm 1978.
 
16
See also: H. Libura, Europa Bałtycka wczoraj i dziś, in: B. Jałowiecki, Europa Bałtycka, UW Warszawa 1992, p. 14 ff.
 
17
Norway gained it through a military resistance against the Treaty of Kiel forced upon it, while Finland through favorably inclined towards the idea Tsar Alexander I who wanted to gain supporters in the region.
 
18
“Scandinavism is a political and cultural movement which supported closer cooperation among Scandinavian countries, initiated in the 1830s; its radical wing demanded creating a political union and was most active during the Danish-German war over Schleswig and Holstein, and basically died out after 1864; the cooperation among the Scandinavian countries dated to the 20th c. was partially related to the idea of Scandinavism, as well as was establishing the Nordic Council in 1952.” http://​encyklopedia.​pwn.​pl/​haslo/​3975776/​skandynawizm.​html
 
19
The growing differences between the two countries and the Norwegian independence drive brought the union to a close through peaceful negotiations in Karlsbad. Oscar II resigned from the throne of Norway. After the dissolution of the personal union, the second son of the King of Denmark and a Swedish princess became the Norwegian monarch and took the name of Håkon VII.
 
20
More on the subject in: R. M. Czarny, Die Neutralitätspolitik als Sicherheitsproblem des Königreiches Schweden.
 
21
Chapter 13 describes changes in the security policies of the Nordic states.
 
22
For example, all the Nordic parliaments are unicameral.
 
23
More on the subject in: M. Grzybowski, Ustroje państw Europy Północnej.
 
24
Swedish Svenska folkpartiet, SFP; Finnish Suomen ruotsalainen kansanpuolue, RKP – Finnish party of a liberal and right-centrist profile, considered a representation of the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland amounting to some 5.5 %. In 2014, it managed to win one seat in the European Parliament.
 
25
Finnish Suomen Keskusta, abbr. Kesk., Swedish Centern i Finland, one of the three biggest political parties in Finland http://​www.​tvp.​info/​19728391/​opozycja-wygrywa-wybory-w-finlandii-milioner-przyszlym-premierem
 
26
See the results of the parliamentary elections of April 27, 2013. After the elections, the ruling coalition was composed of the right-centrist parties: the Progressive Party and the Independence Party. Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson (the Progressive Party) became the new Prime Minister. On June 14, 2013, Iceland has stopped accession talks with the European Union.
 
27
See: A. Kubka, Partie polityczne i systemy partyjne Szwecji, Norwegii i Danii na przełomie XX i XXI wieku.
 
28
Not counting the elections in Finland in the years 1962 and 1991.
 
29
See: Grzybowski M., Rząd i admistracja rządowa w monarchiach skandynawskich (Dania – Norwegia – Szwecja).
 
30
See: M. Grzybowski, Królestwo Danii. Zarys systemu ustrojowego.
 
31
See: J. Osiński, Konstytucja Królestwa Norwegii, Wyd. Sejmowe.
 
32
Norwegian constitution was enacted on May 17, 1814.
 
33
See: J. Nalaskowski, Ustrój polityczny Królestwa Szwecji.
 
34
See: K. Dembiński, M. Grzybowski, Konstytucja Królestwa Szwecji, Warszawa 2000.
 
35
There is also a law on the internal organization and procedures of the Riksdag with a special status, although not regarded as a fundamental law; certain parts of it are harder to change than ordinary laws.
 
36
§5 of Norwegian Constitution, §13 of Danish Constitution and §7 chapter 5 of the Act on the Instrument of Government.
 
37
Constitution of the Republic of Iceland, (No. 33, 17 June 1944, as amended 30 May 1984, 31 May 1991, 28 June 1995 and 24 June 1999), Government Offices of Iceland, http://​www.​government.​is/​constitution/​.
 
38
Eduskunta, a unicameral parliament of Finland whose roots date to the Medieval Ages; see: http://​portalwiedzy.​onet.​pl/​83525,,,,eduskunta,haslo.​html.
 
39
Until then, the binding act was the Swedish Constitution of 1772 of King Gustav III.
 
40
Should the president be unable to perform the assigned duties, he/she is replaced by the prime minister, and if prime minister cannot do it, he/she is substituted in turn by deputy prime minister.
 
41
The exceptionally long reign of the Danes, lasting 564 years (1380–1944), resulted in a nearly complete subordination of Iceland.
 
42
See also: M. Grzybowski, Współczesny parlamentaryzm skandynawski, p. 92; M. Grzybowski, Folketing – parlament Królestwa Danii, p. 8 ff; J. Marszałek-Kawa, Parlamenty jednoizbowe w państwach nordyckich.
 
43
This is a clear reference to the three Scandinavian countries.
 
44
See: T. Walat, M-4 z dzwonnicą.
 
45
It used to be divided into: West Norse, the modern languages of Norwegian, Faroese, Icelandic and Greenlandic Norse; East Norse, the modern languages of Danish and Swedish; Old Norse, a North Germanic language in use from c. AD 800 to c. AD 1300; Proto-Norse language, the Germanic language predecessor of Old Norse; Norn, an extinct North Germanic language that was spoken in the Shetland and Orkney, off the north coast of mainland Scotland, and in Caithness; data after: http://​en.​wikipedia.​org/​wiki/​Norse
 
46
The Finnish language has different roots (similarly to Estonian and Hungarian) but 6 % Finns are of Swedish extraction and Finland is officially bilingual.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Nordic Region (NORDEN) – History and the Present
verfasst von
Ryszard M. Czarny
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
A Modern Nordic Saga : Politics, Economy and Society

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42362-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42363-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42363-0_1