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Erschienen in:
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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. The Right to the City: The Land and Housing Movements

verfasst von : Balihar Sanghera, Elmira Satybaldieva

Erschienen in: Rentier Capitalism and Its Discontents

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter examines how rural migrants and propertyless groups mobilised their right to the city through informal settlements in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Residents of informal settlements formed grassroots movements to protect their homes, politicise housing shortage, lobby for land for housing, and demand legalisation and improvements to informal settlements. They tried to resist the neoliberal commodification of land and real estate and its negative effects on their lives. They struggled against state and business elites, who viewed informal settlements as chaotic and uncivilised. The demolition and construction of informal settlements offered an opportunity for the rich and powerful to modernise the city and extract rent. The chapter discusses how housing and land struggles unfolded in each country, and how country-specific political structures were important for the social movements’ trajectories and achievements.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Natural Resources: Transnational Capital, Constitutionalism and Environmental Harms
Nächstes Kapitel Confronting the Power of Money: The Anti-Debt Movements
Fußnoten
1
High cultivation costs forced many households to abandon farming (Mogilevskii et al., 2017; Steimann, 2011). In a privatised agricultural system, farmers cannot individually resolve problems of irrigation systems, fluctuating market prices, soil erosion, underdeveloped food processing, and weak certification and marketing institutions.
 
2
The share of the rural population is higher in southern regions of Kazakhstan, constituting 77% for Almaty region, 62% for Turkestan and 58% for Zhambyl, these being particularly underdeveloped and poor.
 
3
Kazakhstan’s economic territories are categorised into cities of the first level (Nur-Sultan, Almaty, Shymkent and Aktobe); cities of the second level (regional centres, Semey and Turkestan), and cities of third level (small cities and single-industry cities).
 
4
Without city registration, migrants lack adequate access to social services. In 2019, the rules of city registration tightened in Nur-Sultan and Almaty, limiting registration at the place of residence to 15 square metres per person.
 
5
Shanyrak is divided into nine sub-districts. There are other sizable settlements, such as Aigerim, Bakai, Ulzhan, Kurilisshy, Trudovik, Akbulak, Duman, Uzhet and Karasuu.
 
6
The shopping centre has an area of ten football pitches, and features a beach with seawater, sand and palm trees imported from Maldives on the top floor. Andrea Bocelli, the famous operatic singer, gave a concert at its opening ceremony, and guests included presidents and heads of nine states (Koch, 2012).
 
7
During his time as the Mayor of Almaty (2004–2008) and of Nur-Sultan (2008–2014), Imangali Tasmagambetov earned the reputation of being an aggressive advocate of neoliberal urban transformation.
 
8
In Almaty between 2002 and 2006, prices for square metre went up 14 times from 250 USD to 3600 USD (Yessenova, 2010).
 
9
Kazakhstan’s state-owned housing stock decreased from 7.8 million square metres in 2004 to 6.4 million square metres in 2008. During this period, the state allocated approximately one billion USD to the construction of mortgage-based housing for priority target groups, such as middle class public sector workers (Rolnik, 2011).
 
10
Housing problems acquired an ethnised dimension in the city where minority ethnic Uzbeks constituted almost half of the city’s population.
 
11
Bayaman Erkinbaev was an infamous Kyrgyzstani nouveau riche, who privatised the Karasuu Bazaar and controlled drug trafficking in southern Kyrgyzstan. He also served as a parliamentarian for three terms. He was killed after the 2005 Tulip Revolution.
 
12
Omurbek Tekebaev was the leader of Ata Meken political party and a parliamentarian. He was a leading oppositional figure during Presidents Akayev’s and Bakiev’s regimes.
 
13
Raikan Alkanov is the owner of Alkanov and Co Market adjacent to Dordoi Auto Market.
 
14
According to the mayor’s office, out of 47 settlements, 17 had schools with a total capacity of 20,000 children. In 2016, there were 46,066 school children in the settlements. There were only seven kindergartens with a total capacity of 2106 children. The Ombudsman Report (2017) found that drinking water provision in Bishkek settlements reached only about 67% of the residents.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Right to the City: The Land and Housing Movements
verfasst von
Balihar Sanghera
Elmira Satybaldieva
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Buch
Rentier Capitalism and Its Discontents

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-76302-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-76303-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76303-9_7

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