nach oben

Erschienen in:

2010 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. The Scientific Potential of Environmental Monitoring

verfasst von : Claus-G. Schimming, Sabine Augustin, Rolf Karez

Erschienen in: Long-Term Ecological Research

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Over time environmental monitoring has produced an immense amount of data that was collected in order to assess environmental pollution impacts but also for ecological research. Although this research produced revelatory, valuable data and information on the structures and functions of ecosystems, amazingly few studies have focussed on the theoretical aspects of ecosystem evolution. This obviously is counter to the progress in the field of ecosystem theory and the provision of integrated concepts in relation to indicators of ecosystem performance. In this regard, the major intention and challenge of LTER (Long-Term Ecosystem Research) is to combine the theoretical background with the ecological knowledge already available in order to extrapolate monitoring information about environmental problems and to find solutions in line with recent progress at the global scale. With a view of ecosystem evolution in a long-term perspective and to support applied ecology with respective monitoring information, special methodical diligence has to be lenient towards temporal and spatial extrapolations. This focuses on problems of representativity and reference. The aim of this chapter is to inform the reader how information on ecosystems can be derived and the potentials and limitations of using available databases from monitoring in networks and results produced by integrated data evaluations in ecosystem research. Ideas on further optimisation of monitoring activities are also presented. Two environmental initiatives are presented as case studies including protection of forest ecosystems against the effects of atmospheric deposition (ICP-forests) and the definition of properties that define a good ecological state of aquatic ecosystems (European Water Directive); critical load indications and success control measures are respectively used and the benefits to environmental protection are discussed.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics: Theoretical Concepts of Environmental Change

Nächstes Kapitel Twenty-Eight Years of the US-LTER Program: Experience, Results, and Research Questions

According to EC (2003b) is the reference condition “a description of the biological quality elements that exist, or would exist, at high status. That is with no, or very minor disturbance from human activities. The objective of setting reference condition standards is to enable the assessment of ecological quality against these standards.”

Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, Th., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., Rösch, Th., et al. (2003). Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability. Hydrological Sciences – Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 48, 317–336.CrossRef

Álvarez-Robles, J. A., ÁngelLatre M., Muro-Medrano, P. R., Zarazaga-Soria, F. J., & Béjar, R. (2007). Water quality monitoring to support the European Commission’s Water Framework. Directive reporting requirements. Transactions in GIS, 11, 835–847.CrossRef

Augustin, S., & Andreae, H. (Eds.). (1998). Cause-Effect-Interrelations in Forest Condition – State of Knowledge. Study elaborated for the UN/ECE ICP Forests under the auspices of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Hamburg: BFH.

Augustin, S., Evers, J., Dietrich, H. P., Eichhorn, J., Haussmann, T., Icke, R., et al. (2005). Concept and feasibility study for the integrated evaluation of environmental monitoring data in forests. European Journal of Forest Research, 124, 289–300.CrossRef

Augustin, S., Stephanowitz, H., Wolff, B, Schröder, J., & Hoffmann E. (2005). Manganese in tree rings of Norway spruce as an indicator for soil chemical changes in the past. European Journal of Forest Research, 12, 313–318.CrossRef

Bashkin, V. N. (2006). Modern biogeochemistry: Environmental risk assessment. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Bak, H. P., 1980. Age populations and biometrics in eelgrass, Zostera marina L. Ophelia, 9, 155–162.

Becher, G. (1986). Ergebnisse und methodisch-theoretische Überlegungen zur immissionsökologischen Waldzustandserfassung (IWE) – dargestellt am Beispiel Hamburgs. Forstarchiv, 57, 167–174.

Beck, W., Müller, J., & Eichhorn, J. (2007). Impact of heat and drought on tree and stand vitality – dendroecological methods and first results from level 2-plots in southern Germany. In: Symposium: Forests in a changing environment – results of 20 years ICP Forests Monitoring. Schriften aus der Forstlichen Fakultät der Universität Göttingen und der Niedersächsischen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt Göttingen, 142, 25–28.

Blegvad, H. (1935). An epidemic disease of the eelgrass (Zostera marina L.). Danish Biological Station Report, 39, 1–8.

Bobbink, R., & Roelofs J. G. M. (2003). Nitrogen critical loads for natural and semi-natural ecosystems. The empirical approach. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 85, 2413–2418.CrossRef

Boström, C., Baden, S. P., & Krause-Jensen, D. (2003). The seagrasses of Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea. In E. P. Green, & F. T. Short (Eds.), World atlas of seagrasses (pp. 27–37). Berkeley: University Press.

Buffagni, A., Erba, S., Birk, S., Cazzola, M., Feld, C., Ofenböck, T., et al. (2005). Towards European Inter-calibration for the Water Framework Directive: Procedures and examples for different river types from the E.C. project STAR. 11th STAR deliverable. STAR Contract No: EVK1-CT 2001-00089. Quad Istituto di Ricerca sulle acque, 123, 1–468.

Buse, A., Norris, D., Harmens, H., Büker, P., Ashenden, T., & Mills, G. (2003). Heavy Metals in European Mosses: 2000/2001 Survey. Bangor: UNECE ICP Vegetation Coordination Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.

Carpenter, S. R., DeFries, R., Dietz, T. Mooney, H. A., Polasky, S., Reid W. V., et al. (2006). Millennium ecosystem assessment: Research needs. Science, 314, 257–258.CrossRef

Clemenssonlindell, A., & Persson, H. (1995). Fine-root vitality in a Norway spruce stand subjected to various nutrient supplies. Plant Soil, 169, 167–172.CrossRef

De Leo, G. A., & Levin, S. (1997). The multifaceted aspects of ecosystem integrity. Conservation Ecology [online] 1(1), 3. Available from http://www.consecol.org/vol1/iss1/art3/

De Vries, W., Dobbertin, M., Reinds, G. J., & Solberg, S. (2007). Nitrogen deposition and high temperatures accelerate forest tree growth. The condition of Forests in Europe. 2007 Executive Report. Geneva: UNECE.

De Vries, W., Reinds, G. J., Van Kerkvoorde, M. S., Hendriks, C. M. A., Leeters, E. E. J. M., Gross, C. P., et al. (2000). Intensive Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems in Europe, Technical Report. Brussels and Geneva: EC and UNECE.

Dittmar, C., & Zech, W. (1994). Dendroökologische und ernährungskundliche Untersuchungen an gesunden und kranken Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.) der Nordböhmischen Mittelgebirge. Dendrochronologia, 12, 45–58.

Dobbertin, M. (2005). Forest growth in Europe – A review. In: Naito, K. (Ed.), International Symposium on The Role of Forests for Coming Generations – Philosophy and Technology for Forest Resource Management. October 17–22, 2004 pp. 21–38. Utsunomiya, Tochigi: Japan Society of forest Planning Press.

Dobbertin, M., & Brang, P. (2001). Crown defoliation improves tree mortality models. Forest Ecology and Management, 141, 271–284.CrossRef

Dröschmeister, R. (2001). Bundesweites Naturschutzmonitoring in der “Normallandschaft” mit der Ökologischen Flächenstichprobe. Natur und Landschaft, 76, 58–69.

EC. (2001). Directive 2001 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants. Official Journal, L 309, 22–30.

EC. (2003a). Guidance on the Intercalibration Process 2004–2006 – Guidance document No, 10 – Common implementation for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/RC). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

EC. (2003b). Transitional and Coastal Waters: Typology, Reference Conditions and Classification Systems – Guidance document No. 5 – Common implementation for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/RC). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

EC. (2006). Guidance on the Intercalibration Process 2004–2006 – Guidance Document No. 14 –Common implementation for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/RC). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

EEA. (2003). Review of existing national soil monitoring systems – an update. Report of the European Topic Centre on Terrestrial Environment, Copenhagen. Copenhagen: European Environmental Agency.

Ellenberg, H., Fränzle, O., & Müller, P. (1978). Ökosystemforschung im Hinblick auf Umweltpolitik und Entwicklungsplanung. In: Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministers des Innern. Ökologie-Forschungsbericht 78-101 04 005 (pp. 1–144). Bonn: Bundesinnenministerium.

Ellenberg, H., Mayer, R., & Schauermann, J. (1986). Ökosystemforschung. Ergebnisse des Sollingprojektes 1966–1986. Stuttgart: Ulmer.

Fehér, J., & Lázár, A. (2003). European scale monitoring system to assess water quality of multi-national river basins in the accession countries. Water Science and Technology, 48, 103–109.

Ferretti, M., Innes, J. L., Jalkanen, R., Saurer, M., Schäffer, J., Spiecker, H., et al. (2002). Air pollution and environmental chemistry – what role for tree-ring studies? Dendrochronologia, 20, 159–174.CrossRef

Fränzle, O., Kappen, L., Blume, H. P., & Dierssen, K. (Eds.). (2008). Ecosystem organization of a complex landscape: Long-term research in the Bornhöved Lake District, Germany. Ecological Studies 202. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Fränzle, O., & Schimming, C. G. (2008). Element fluxes in atmosphere, vegetation and soil. In O., Fränzle, L., Kappen, H. P., Blume, & K. Dierssen, (Eds.), Ecosystem organization of a complex landscape: Long-term research in the Bornhöved Lake District, Germany. Ecological Studies 202 (pp. 189–206). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Frederiksen, M., Harris, M. P., Daunt, F., Rothery, P., & Wanless, S. (2004). Scale-dependent climate signals drive breeding phenology of three seabird species. Global Change Biology, 10, 12–14.CrossRef

Frederiksen, M., Wanless, S., Harris, M. P., Rothery, P., & Wilson, L. (2004). The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 1129–1139.CrossRef

Gardner, M. R., & Ashby, W. R. (1970). Connectance of large, dynamical (cybernetic) systems: Critical values for stability. Nature, 228, 784.CrossRef

Gärtner, E. J., Urfer, W., Eichhorn, J., Grabowski, H., & Huss, H. (1990). Mangan-ein Bioindikator für den derzeitigen Schadzustand mittelalter Fichten in Hessen. Forstarchiv, 61, 229–233.

Gauger, T., Anshelm, F. Schuster, H. Erisman, J. W., Vermeulen, A. T., Draaisjers, G. P. J., et al. (2002). Mapping of ecosystem specific long-term trends in deposition loads and concentrations of air pollutants in Germany and their comparison with critical loads and critical levels – Part 1 Deposition loads, part 2 Mapping critical levels exceedances, report 299. Berlin: Umweltbundesamt.

Gehrig, M. (2004). Methoden zur Vitalitätsbeurteilung von Bäumen. Vergleichende Untersuchungen mit visuellen, nadelanalytischen und bioelektrischen Verfahren. Dissertation, ETH Zürich.

Grøntved, J. (1958). Underwater Macrovegetation in Shallow Coastal Waters. Journal du Conseil Permanent International pour l’Exploration de la Mer, 24, 32–42.CrossRef

Guyette, R. P., & Cutter, B. E. (1994). Barium and manganese trends in tree-rings as monitors of sulfur deposition. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 73, 213–223.CrossRef

Haraldsson, H., & Sverdrup, H. (2004). Finding simplicity in complexity in biogeochemical modelling. In: Wainwright, J. & Mulligan, M. (Eds.), Environmental Modelling – Finding Simplicity in Complexity (pp. 211–223). Chichester: Wiley.

Hoffmann-Kroll, R., Schäfer, D., & Seibel, S. (1998). Biodiversität und Statistik – Ergebnisse des Pilotprojekts zur Ökologischen Flächenstichprobe. Wirtschaft und Statistik, 1, 60–75.

Jørgensen, S. E., Fath, B., Bastianoni, S., Marques, J., Müller, F., Nielsen, S. N., et al. (2007). A new ecology – The systems perspective. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing.

Kastenholz, H., & Erdmann, K. H. (1994). Biosphere reserves in Germany: A contribution to support sustainable development. The Environmentalist, 14(2), 139–146.CrossRef

Kay, J. J. (2000). Ecosystems as self-organised holarchic open systems: Narratives and the second law of thermodynamics. In S. E. Jørgensen, & F. Müller, (Eds.), Handbook of ecosystem theories and management (pp. 135–160). Boca Raton: Lewis.

Kernan, M. (1995). The use of catchment attributes to predict surface water critical loads – A preliminary analysis. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 85, 2479–2484.CrossRef

Kleppin, L., Schroeder, W., Schmidt, G., & Pesch, R. (2008). Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Metadaten- und WebGIS-Applikation für das Expositionsmonitoring mit Moosen in Deutschland. Ein Beitrag zum LTER-Netzwerk. Zeitschrift für Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie, 20, 38–48.CrossRef

Kluge, W., & Fränzle, O. (2008). Transport processes between Lake Belau and its drainage basin. In O. Fränzle, H.-P. Blume, L. Kappen, K. Dierssen (Eds.) Ecosystem organisation of a complex landscape – Long-term research in the Bornhöved Lake district. Ecol. Stud. 202. Berlin: Springer.

Krause-Jensen, D., Greve, T. M., & Nielsen, K. (2005). Eelgrass as a bioindicator under the water framework directive. Water Resources Management, 19, 63–75.CrossRef

Larrsen, S., & Hagen, L. O. (1996). Air pollution monitoring in Europe – Problems and trends. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency.

Lieth, H. H. F., & Markert, B. A. (1990). Element Concentration Cadasters in Ecosystems (ECCE). Methods of Assessment and Evaluation. Weinheim: Wiley VCH.

Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Pierce, R. S., Eaton, J. S., & Johnson, N. M. (1977). Biogeochemistry of a forested ecosystem. New York: Springer.

Lorenz, M., Becher, G., Mues, V., Fischer, R., Ulrich, E., Dobbertin, M., et al. (2004). Forest Condition in Europe 2004 Technical Report. Geneva: UNECE.

Lund, S. (1941). Tangforekomster i de danske farvande og mulighederne for deres udnyttelse. Dansk Tidsskrift for Farmaci, 15, 158–174.

Mathiesen, H., & Nielsen, J. (1956). Botanical investigations in Randers Fjord and Grund Fjord. Botanisk Tidsskrift, 53, 1–34.

Müller, F. (2004). Ecosystem Indicators for the Integrated Management of Landscape Health and Integrity. In S. E., Joergensen, R., Costanza, & F. L. Xu, (Eds.). Ecological indicators for assessment of ecosystem health (pp. 277–304). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis.

Müller, F., Schrautzer, J., Reiche, E. W., & Rinker, A. (2006). Ecosystem based indicators in retrogressive successions of an agricultural landscape. Ecological Indicators, 6, 63–82.CrossRef

Nasidu, R. (Ed.). (2008). Chemical bioavailability in terrestrial environments, developments in soil science (Vol. 32, 1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

Nelson, N. M., Wright, A., Lowry, R. G., & Mutrie, N. (2006). Where is the theoretical basis for understanding and measuring the environment for physical activity? Environmental Health Insights, 2008(2), 111–116.

Nillson, J., & Grennfelt, P. (1988). Critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen. Copenhagen: Nordic council of Ministers.

Nilsson, J., & Grennfelt, P. (Eds.). (1988). Critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen. Report from a workshop held at Skokloster, Sweden, 19–24 March 1988 NORD Miljørapport 15, pp. 225–268. Copenhagen: Nordic council of Ministers.

Odum, E. P. (1956). Fundamentals of ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Olesen, B. (1993). Bestandsdynamik hos ålegræs. Dissertation, University of Århus.

Ostenfeld, C. H. (1908). On the Ecology and Distribution of the Grass-Wrack (Zostera marina) in Danish Waters. Danish Biological Station Report, 16, 1–62.

Ostenfeld, C. H. (1918). Sea-grasses. In: Report of the Danish Oceanographic Expeditions 1908–1910 to the Mediterranean and Adjacent Seas (pp. 1–17). Volume II Biology 2.

Paulus, M., Bartel, M., Klein, R., Nentwich, K., Quack, M., Teubner, D., et al. (2005). Effect of monitoring strategies and reference data of the German Environmental Specimen Banking Program. Nucleonika, 50, 53–58.

Petersen, C. C. J. (1892). Fiskensbiologiske forhold i Holboek Fjord, 1890–1891. Beretning fra de Danske Biologiske Station, 1, 121–183.

Petersen, C. G. J. (1901). Fortegnelse over ålerusestader i Danmark. Beretning fra den Biologiske Station, 10, 3–29.

Petersen, C. G. J. (1913). Om baedeltangens (Zostera marina) aarsproduktion i de danske Farvande. In H. P. E. Jungersen & E. Warming (Eds.), Mindeskr. Japetus Steenstrups Føds (Vol. 9, pp. 1–20). København: Gad.

Petersen, M. R. (1983). Observations of emperor geese feeding at Nelson Lagoon, Alaska. Condor, 85, 367–368.CrossRef

Petter, G. (1956). Nuove ricerche sperimentali sulla totalizzazione percettiva. Rivista di Psicologia, 50, 213–227.

Piao, S., Ciaisl, P., Friedlingstein, P., Peylin, P., Reichstein, M., Luyssaert, S., et al. (2008). Net carbon dioxide losses of northern ecosystems in response to autumn warming. Nature, 451, 49–52.CrossRef

Posch, M., & Hettelingh, J.-P. (2001). From critical loads to dynamic modelling. In M., Posch, P. A. M., DeSmett, J.-P., Hettlingh, & R. J. Downing, (Eds.), Modelling and mapping of critical thresholds in Europe. RIVM Report No. 259101010 (pp. 33–39). Bilthoven: Coordination Centre for Effects, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment.

Poszwa, A., Wickman, T., Dambrine, E., Ferry, B., Dupouey, J.-L., Helle, G., et al. (2003). A retrospective isotopic study of Spruce decline in the Vosges mountains (France). Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 3, 201–222.

Pott, U., & Turpin H. (2004). Assessment of atmospheric heavy metals by moss monitoring with Isothecium stoloniferum Brid. in the Fraser Valley, B. C., Canada. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 101, 25–44.CrossRef

Rapport, D. J. (1989). What constitutes ecosystem health? Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 33, 120–132.

Rask, M., Eela, R., Heikkerö, T., & Neuvonen, A. (1999). Teknologian arviointi, arvot ja osallistuminen-kokemuksia kasvigeenitekniikka-arvioista. Espoo: VTT Group for Technology Studies.

Rasmussen, E. (1977). The wasting disease of eelgrass (Zostera marina) and its effects on environmental factors and fauna. In C. P. McRoy, & C. Helfferich, (Eds.), Seagrass ecosystems (pp. 1–52). New York: Marcel Dekker.

Redfern, D. B., & Boswell, R. C. (2004). Assessment of crown condition in forest trees: comparison of methods, sources of variation and observer bias. Forest Ecology and Management, 188, 149–160.CrossRef

Rempel, R. S., & Kushneriuk, R. S. (2003). The influence of sampling scheme and interpolation method on the power to detect spatial effects of forest birds in Ontario (Canada). Landscape Ecology, 18, 741–757.CrossRef

Sand-Jensen, K. (1975). Biomass, net production and growth dynamics in an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) population in Vellerup Vig, Denmark. Ophelia, 14, 185–201.CrossRef

Schlutow, A., & Huebner, P. (2004). The BERN model: Bioindication for ecosystem regeneration towards natural conditions (Research Report 200 85 221). Environmental Research of the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Berlin: Umweltbundesamt.

Schönthaler, K., Meyer, U., Pokorny., D., Reichenbach, M., Schuller, D., & Windhorst, W. (2003). Ökosystemare Umweltbeobachtung - Vom Konzept zur Umsetzung. Berlin: Schmidt.

Schröder, W., Schmidt, G., Pesch, R., & Eckstein, T. (2002). Harmonisierung der Umweltbeobachtung. Instrumente zur Prüfung methodischer Vergleichbarkeit und räumlicher Repräsentanz. In: Fränzle, O., Müller, F., & Schröder, W. (Eds.), Handbuch der Umweltwissenschaften. Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Ökosystemforschung (Kapitel V-1.3.). Landsberg: Ecomed.

Schulze, E. D., Lange, O. L., & Oren, R. (Eds.). (1989). Forest decline and air pollution. Ecological Studies 77. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer.

Schulze, E.-D. (2002). Understanding global change: Lessons learnt from the European landscape. Journal of Vegetation Science, 13, 403–412.CrossRef

Spellerberg, I. F. (2005). Monitoring ecological change. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Spiecker, H., Mielikäinen, K., Köhl, M., & Skovsgaard, J. (Eds.). (1996). Growth trends in European forests. European Forest Institute Research Report No. 5. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

Statistisches Bundesamt & Bundesamt für Naturschutz (Ed.). (2000). Konzepte und Methoden zur Ökologischen Flächenstichprobe - Ebene II: Monitoring von Pflanzen und Tieren. Angewandte Landschaftsökologie, 33, 1–262.

Steemann-Nielsen, E. (1951). The marine vegetation of the Isefjord – A study on ecology and production. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havundersøgelser, 4, 1–14.

Stefan, K., Fürst, A., Hacker, R., & Bartels, U. (1997). Forest Foliar Condition in Europe. Results of the large-scale foliar chemistry surveys (survey 1995 and data from previous years). Brussels, Geneva, Vienna: EC/UNECE.

Sterner, R. W., & Elser, J. J. (2002). Ecological stochiometry – The biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere. New Jersey, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

UBA. (2004). Mapping Manual 2004: Manual on methodologies and criteria for modelling and mapping of Critical Loads & Levels and air pollution effects, risks and trends. Berlin: Umweltbundesamt.

Udy, J. W., Clapcott, J. E., Fellows, C. S., Harch, B. D., Bunn, S. E., & Davies, P. M. (2001). Measures of primary production as indicators of ecosystem health. Brisbane: Center for Catchment and Instream Research, Griffith University and South East Regional Water Quality Management Strategy.

Ulrich, B. (1983a). A concept of forest ecosystem stability and of acid load as a driving force for destabilization. In B. Ulrich, & J. Pankrath, (Eds.), Effects of accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems (pp. 1–29). Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.

Ulrich, B. (1983b). Interaction of forest canopies with atmospheric constituents: SO₂, alkali and earth alkali cations and chloride. In B. Ulrich, & J. Pankrath, (Eds.), Effects of accumulation of air pollutants in forest ecosystems (pp. 33–45). Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.

Ulrich, B. (1985). Interaction of indirect and direct effects of air pollutants in forest ecosystems. In: Troyanowski, C. (Ed.), Air pollution and plants (pp. 149–181). Weinheim: Wiley VCH.

Ulrich, B. (1987). Stability and Resilience of terrestrial ecosystems with respect to matter balance. In E. D. Schultze, & H. Zwölfer, (Eds.), Potentials and limitations of ecosystem analysis, Ecological Studies 61 (pp. 11–49). Berlin: Springer.

Ulrich, B. (1989). Effects of acidic precipitation on forest ecosystems in Europe. In D. C. Adriano, & A. H. Johnson, (Eds.), Acidic precipitation, Biological and Ecological Effects (pp. 189–272, Vol. 2). New York: Springer.

UNECE. (2008). Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. Hamburg: Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products.

UNECE & EC. (2005). Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. Hamburg, Geneva: BFH.

UNECE & EC. (2007). The condition of forests in Europe-2007 Executive Report. Hamburg and Brussels: BFH & Institute of World Forestry.

Vanmechelen, L., Groenemans, R., & Ranst, E. (1997). Forest soil conditions in Europe. In: Results of a large scale soil survey. Technical Report. Brussels: Ministry of the Flemish Community, Geneva: UNECE.

Vaughan, H., Brydges, T., Fenech, A., & Lumb, A. (2001). Monitoring long-term ecological changes through the ecological monitoring and assessment network: Science-based and policy relevant. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 67, 3–28.CrossRef

Wium-Andersen, S., & Borum, J. (1980). Biomass and production of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in the Øresund, Denmark. Ophelia, 1, 49–55.

Titel: The Scientific Potential of Environmental Monitoring
verfasst von: Claus-G. Schimming
Sabine Augustin
Rolf Karez
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Buch: Long-Term Ecological Research
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8781-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-90-481-8782-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8782-9_4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"