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Erschienen in:
Water Resources of Italy Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. The Uses and Value of Water in Italy: Evidence from Selected Case Studies in Italy, with a Particular Focus on Irrigation, Industry and Hydropower

verfasst von : Giulia Vaglietti, Federico Pontoni, Alessandro de Carli, Antonio Massarutto

Erschienen in: Water Law, Policy and Economics in Italy

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter analyses the most relevant economic literature on water uses in Italy. In particular, the economic value of water is investigated in four main sectors: urban water services, agriculture, recreational industry and energy. As far as the urban water sector is concerned, most studies analyse the consequences of the introduction of the so-called Legge Galli, a complex reform in water governance started in 1994. The studies on water use in the agricultural sector are divided mainly in two branches: the use values of water (which was found to range from 0.3 to 1.2 €/m3) and the total economic costs and benefits of certain measures, such as for drought management or pollution reduction. For what concerns industry and energy, the economic value of water is rarely evaluated, especially in the former sector, while the majority of studies seem to focus on the environmental impact of production by considering water use and consumption (water footprint). In the chapter, instead, the point of view of the consumer is primarily analysed in relation to the recreational sector, where the willingness to pay for better environmental and recreational services connected to water was estimated between €3 and €1056 per year. Nevertheless, the literature review points out the lack of cross-sectional studies of sectors. This lacuna is probably connected to the limited integration among the actors that manage water resources and a too fragmented governance. Solving these issues will guarantee a better allocation of water resources both among users and over time, thus targeting the challenges of adaptation and resilience in the water-energy-food nexus.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Coping with Floods in Italy: Learning from the Past to Plan Future Adaptation
Nächstes Kapitel Testing the Waters: A Sociological Analysis of Domestic Water Use and Consumption
Fußnoten
1
For another overview of the uses of water in Italy, albeit carried out from a different and mainly non-economic perspective, see also, in this volume, Chap. 1 by Benedini and Rossi.
 
2
Following the guidelines suggested by ISTAT (2019), the civil use of water is to be understood not only as the domestic consumption of families, but as the totality of all its “non-productive uses”: including its application in public buildings and offices, in services, in activities related to industrial or agricultural businesses insistent on urban areas, and other public necessities such as for washing roads.
 
3
According to Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment, a unit of population equivalent corresponds to the organic biodegradable load having a five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 60 g of oxygen per day.
 
4
Data are downloadable from the website of TERNA, a large energy transmission system operator: <www.​terna.​it/​it/​sistema-elettrico/​dispacciamento/​fonti-rinnovabili>
 
5
The data were compiled by Lehner et al. (2011) and are distributed by the Global Water System Project (GWSP) and by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).
 
6
Some of those indicators were not calculated before the reform; in those cases, the earliest available data were generally compared to the newest one in order to evaluate the reform effect.
 
7
The total number of ATOs currently established has been retrieved from the website of the Italian Ministry of the Environment (Ministero dell’ambiente e della tutela del territorio e del mare): <www.​minambiente.​it/​direttive/​ambiti-territoriali-ottimali>
 
8
Economies of scale are positive economic performances which arise when a unit increases in input results in a more than proportional increase in input. Economies of scope, instead, are savings that an industry may obtain by producing jointly two or more output/services.
 
9
Including not only water but also electricity and natural gas.
 
10
The authors (Miniaci et al. 2008) set the threshold of water poverty whenever the budget for the water services was higher than 1.44% of the family potential budget.
 
11
Both surface and groundwater ones.
 
12
On the notion of water footprint and its application to Italy’s trade in agricultural goods see also, in this volume, Chap. 10 by Tamea, Antonelli and Vallino.
 
13
Cooking was not taken into account in the previous figures.
 
14
Biomass sources, concentrated solar power, nuclear and hydropower pumping stations were excluded from the study.
 
15
Which, back to 2015, was providing around 16% of total production against the 76.9% of fossil fuels.
 
16
The authors based their work on the data on water footprint produced by Mekonnen et al. (2015); therefore, such data have not been reported as not specific for the Italian case study.
 
17
The authors proposed the innovative fee for reforming the methodology in use to charge water abstractions for hydropower in Italy to implement the polluter-pay principle (PPP) required by the new European regulations (namely the Water Framework Directive). The directive requires water abstraction charges to reflect both the value of the resource and the environmental impact caused by water users. For this reason, the proposed fee is based on the simple assumption that “any form of environmental tax should be at least proportional to the environmental damage that it is caused” (de Carli et al. 2014, p. 144). The particularity of the methodology described by the authors is the capacity to take in account not only the “intensive” component of the impact (i.e., the magnitude and gravity) but also the “extensive” one (i.e., the grade of dispersion of the impact from the cause or, simply, the length of the river affected).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Uses and Value of Water in Italy: Evidence from Selected Case Studies in Italy, with a Particular Focus on Irrigation, Industry and Hydropower
verfasst von
Giulia Vaglietti
Federico Pontoni
Alessandro de Carli
Antonio Massarutto
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Buch
Water Law, Policy and Economics in Italy

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-69074-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-69075-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69075-5_3