1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Approach
Section | Category | Use function (short notation) |
---|---|---|
Provisioning | Nutrition | Fishing for consumption (Fishing) |
Catch of other surface water-related animals for consumption (Other animals) | ||
Harvest of aquatic plants or algae for consumption (Plants or algae) | ||
Water extractions for drinking water production (Drinking water) | ||
Water extraction for non-drinking purposes | For irrigation of crops (Irrigation agriculture) | |
For irrigation of other vegetation (Irrigation other) | ||
For industrial processes | ||
For fire-fighting | ||
For filling ponds | ||
For other non-drinking purposes (Other) | ||
Other materials | Harvest of biomass for non-food purposes (Biomass) | |
Extraction of abiotic materials (Abiotic materials) | ||
Energy | Thermal energy extraction (Thermal energy/TEE) | |
Energy production using salinity gradient in water (Energy salinity) | ||
Energy production using kinetic energy (Energy kinetic) | ||
Regulation & maintenance | Regulation & maintenance | Managing water quality |
Managing water quantity | ||
Global climate regulation | ||
Local climate regulation | ||
Cultural | Recreation | Primary contact recreation (Primary contact) |
Secondary contact recreation (Secondary contact) | ||
Recreational boating (Boating) | ||
Sport fishing | ||
Hunting aquatic animals (Hunting) | ||
Enjoying a landscape characterized by surface water (Landscape) | ||
Ice-skating | ||
Spiritual & symbolic interactions | Designation of cultural heritage value (Cultural heritage) | |
Religious use | ||
Space | Building on water (Building) | |
Under water storage/infrastructure (Under water storage) | ||
Transporting goods | ||
Transporting persons | ||
Using water as a barrier (Physical barrier) |
3 Method
3.1 Study Areas
Characteristics | Toronto | Amsterdam |
---|---|---|
Geography | Hills along Lake Ontario, 1.7% water + Lake Ontario | Low land area 25–35% water + adjacent lakes and waterways |
Surface water | Rivers, creeks, shallow and deep lakes, ponds (fresh water) | Rivers, canals, shallow and deep lakes, ponds (fresh to brackish water) |
Population density | 4,651 per km2 (land area) | 3,850 per km2 (total surface area) 5,178 per km2 (land area) |
Population 2018 Population 2040 | City: 2.96 mln Greater Toronto Area (GTA): 6.3 mln GTA + 52% | City: 854,047 Metropolitan region (MRA): 2,5 mln City + 18%, MRA + 13% |
Climate Climate change towards 2050 | Warm-summer humid continental climate T max. -0.7 °C (Jan) to 26.6 °C (Jul) Precipitation 831 mm Tav. + 4.0 to 4.7 °C Prec. + 4.6 to 10.2% Intensity of rainfall storms increase | Moderate sea climate T max. 5.8 °C (Jan) to 22.1 °C (Aug) Precipitation 897 mm Tav. + 1 to 1.5 °C Prec. +4.5 to 5.7% Frequency and intensity of rainstorms increase; water deficit in spring and summer equal or increase |
3.2 Documents Analysis and Interviews
4 Results
4.1 Current Use
4.2 Future Trends in Demand
4.3 Drivers Explaining Future Increasing Demand
Toronto | Amsterdam | ||
---|---|---|---|
Driver category | Specific drivers | Driver category | Specific drivers |
Urban growth & redevelopment (67) | Population growth (36) Redevelopment close to water (15) Urbanization/land use change (8) Lack of space on land (4) Densification (3) Limits to transportation on land (1) | Urban growth & redevelopment (55) | Population growth (26) Densification (12) Limits to transportation on land (7) Redevelopment close to water (5) Lack of space on land (4) Urbanization/land use change (1) |
Climate change (10) | Temperature increase (6) Rain storms more intense (3) Dry periods longer/more frequent (1) | Climate change (44) | Temperature increase (25) Dry periods longer/more frequent (14) Rain storms more intense (5) |
Water quality improvements (10) | Water quality improvement (10) | Welfare increase (24) | People have more free time (9) People live longer (5) Welfare increase (5) Tourism growth (5) |
Sustainability ambitions (9) | Sustainability ambitions (7) Circular economy/re-use of waste streams ambitions (2) | Sustainability ambitions (19) | Sustainability ambitions (12) Saving drinking water ambitions (4) Circular economy/re-use of waste streams ambitions (3) |
Social trends (8) | Popularity of the activity (6) Local products trend (2) | Social trends (16) | Popularity of the activity (13) Local products trend (2) Self-sufficiency ambitions (1) |