Skip to main content

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Tribology of Metals and Alloys

verfasst von : Sudeep P. Ingole, Ph.D.

Erschienen in: Tribology for Scientists and Engineers

Verlag: Springer New York

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The surface properties of metals and alloys become important when these materials are used especially for tribological applications. Some basic concepts involved during wear of metals and alloys are briefly discussed in this chapter. Delamination theory of adhesive wear which is dominating wear mechanism for most metals and alloys is discussed. Most of the tribological joints are exposed to environmental oxygen when used in atmospheric conditions. Oxidation becomes problematic for such and high-temperature sliding applications when oxygen source is readily available at the interface. The debris formation mechanism and oxidation during sliding are included in this chapter. Information on oxidation and tribological behavior of 60NiTi is reviewed as it is a potential alloy for tribo-element applications. A brief description on phase transformation and high-temperature tribology of metallic materials is also included. The wear of materials at the interface depends on the interfacial strength of the sliding materials. In high-temperature oxidative wear, wear performance can be determined by the type of oxides formed on the sliding surfaces.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat In The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Company In The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Houghton Mifflin Company
2.
Zurück zum Zitat In Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary© 2002, Merriam-Webster, Inc In Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary© 2002, Merriam-Webster, Inc
3.
Zurück zum Zitat In WordNet® 2.0 © 2003, Princeton University In WordNet® 2.0 © 2003, Princeton University
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Binnig G et al (1982) Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys Rev Lett 49(1):57–61CrossRef Binnig G et al (1982) Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys Rev Lett 49(1):57–61CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C (1986) Atomic force microscope. Phys Rev Lett 56(9):930–933CrossRef Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C (1986) Atomic force microscope. Phys Rev Lett 56(9):930–933CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Israelachvili JN (1989) Techniques for direct measurements of forces between surfaces in liquids at the atomic scale. Chemtracts Anal Phys Chem 1:1–12 Israelachvili JN (1989) Techniques for direct measurements of forces between surfaces in liquids at the atomic scale. Chemtracts Anal Phys Chem 1:1–12
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Krim J, Widom A (1988) Damping of a crystal oscillator by an adsorbed monolayer and its relation to interfacial viscosity. Phys Rev B 38(17):12184–12189CrossRef Krim J, Widom A (1988) Damping of a crystal oscillator by an adsorbed monolayer and its relation to interfacial viscosity. Phys Rev B 38(17):12184–12189CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Krim J, Solina DH, Chiarello R (1991) Nanotribology of a Kr monolayer: a quartz-crystal microbalance study of atomic-scale friction. Phys Rev Lett 66(2):181–184CrossRef Krim J, Solina DH, Chiarello R (1991) Nanotribology of a Kr monolayer: a quartz-crystal microbalance study of atomic-scale friction. Phys Rev Lett 66(2):181–184CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabinowicz E (1995) Friction and lubrication of materials. Wiley, New York Rabinowicz E (1995) Friction and lubrication of materials. Wiley, New York
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowden FP, Tabor D (1964) The friction and lubrication of solids, vol I and II. Clarendon Press, Oxford Bowden FP, Tabor D (1964) The friction and lubrication of solids, vol I and II. Clarendon Press, Oxford
11.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Suh NP (1986) Tribophysics. Printice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Suh NP (1986) Tribophysics. Printice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Holm R (1946) Electric contacts. Almquist and Wiksells, Stockholm Holm R (1946) Electric contacts. Almquist and Wiksells, Stockholm
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Archard J (1953) Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces. J Appl Phys 24(8):981–988CrossRef Archard J (1953) Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces. J Appl Phys 24(8):981–988CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Stott FH (1998) The role of oxidation in the wear of alloys. Tribol Int 31(1–3):61–71CrossRef Stott FH (1998) The role of oxidation in the wear of alloys. Tribol Int 31(1–3):61–71CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeurgens L et al (2000) Thermodynamic stability of amorphous oxide films on metals: application to aluminum oxide films on aluminum substrates. Phys Rev B 62(7):4707CrossRef Jeurgens L et al (2000) Thermodynamic stability of amorphous oxide films on metals: application to aluminum oxide films on aluminum substrates. Phys Rev B 62(7):4707CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Doherty P, Davis R (1963) Direct observation of the oxidation of Aluminum single crystal surfaces. J Appl Phys 34(3):619–628CrossRef Doherty P, Davis R (1963) Direct observation of the oxidation of Aluminum single crystal surfaces. J Appl Phys 34(3):619–628CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Eldridge J et al (1988) Thermal oxidation of single-crystal aluminum at 550 °C. Oxidation Metals 30(5):301–328CrossRef Eldridge J et al (1988) Thermal oxidation of single-crystal aluminum at 550 °C. Oxidation Metals 30(5):301–328CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Snijders P, Jeurgens L, Sloof W (2002) Structure of thin aluminium-oxide films determined from valence band spectra measured using XPS. Surf Sci 496(1):97–109CrossRef Snijders P, Jeurgens L, Sloof W (2002) Structure of thin aluminium-oxide films determined from valence band spectra measured using XPS. Surf Sci 496(1):97–109CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Ingole SP (2005) Nanotribological characterization of dynamic surfaces. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA Ingole SP (2005) Nanotribological characterization of dynamic surfaces. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan CM, Trigwell S, Duerig T (2004) Oxidation of an NiTi alloy. Surf Interface Anal 15(6):349–354CrossRef Chan CM, Trigwell S, Duerig T (2004) Oxidation of an NiTi alloy. Surf Interface Anal 15(6):349–354CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Firstov G et al (2002) Surface oxidation of NiTi shape memory alloy. Biomaterials 23(24):4863–4871CrossRef Firstov G et al (2002) Surface oxidation of NiTi shape memory alloy. Biomaterials 23(24):4863–4871CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat DellaCorte C et al (2009) Intermetallic Nickel–Titanium alloys for oil-lubricated bearing applications. NASA, Cleveland, OH DellaCorte C et al (2009) Intermetallic Nickel–Titanium alloys for oil-lubricated bearing applications. NASA, Cleveland, OH
28.
Zurück zum Zitat DellaCorte C, Glennon GN (2012) Ball bearings comprising nickel-titanium and methods of manufacture thereof, in Google Patents, The United States of America as represented by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Abbott Ball Company, USA DellaCorte C, Glennon GN (2012) Ball bearings comprising nickel-titanium and methods of manufacture thereof, in Google Patents, The United States of America as represented by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Abbott Ball Company, USA
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Ingole S, Liang H, Mohanty P (2005) Tribology characteristics of thermal sprayed NiTi coatings. In presented at 4th ASM international surface engineering congress and 19th international conference on surface modification technologies. ASM International, Saint Paul Ingole S, Liang H, Mohanty P (2005) Tribology characteristics of thermal sprayed NiTi coatings. In presented at 4th ASM international surface engineering congress and 19th international conference on surface modification technologies. ASM International, Saint Paul
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaeger J (1942) Moving sources of heat and the temperature of sliding contacts. in. J Proc Roy Soc NSW 76:203–224 Jaeger J (1942) Moving sources of heat and the temperature of sliding contacts. in. J Proc Roy Soc NSW 76:203–224
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook N, Bhushan B (1973) Sliding surface interface temperatures(solid–solid interface temperature rise during sliding from model with surface topography statistics, frictional conditions, surface hardness and thermal parameters). ASME Trans Ser F J Lubr Technol 95:59–64CrossRef Cook N, Bhushan B (1973) Sliding surface interface temperatures(solid–solid interface temperature rise during sliding from model with surface topography statistics, frictional conditions, surface hardness and thermal parameters). ASME Trans Ser F J Lubr Technol 95:59–64CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Rigney D et al (1986) Low energy dislocation structures caused by sliding and by particle impact. Mater Sci Eng 81:409–425CrossRef Rigney D et al (1986) Low energy dislocation structures caused by sliding and by particle impact. Mater Sci Eng 81:409–425CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Don J, Sun TC, Rigney DA (1983) Friction and wear of Cu–Be and dispersion-hardened copper systems. Wear 91(2):191–199CrossRef Don J, Sun TC, Rigney DA (1983) Friction and wear of Cu–Be and dispersion-hardened copper systems. Wear 91(2):191–199CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Hume-Rothery W (1931) The metallic state. Oxford University Press, London Hume-Rothery W (1931) The metallic state. Oxford University Press, London
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies H, Luborsky F (1983) Amorphous metallic alloys. Butterworths, London, pp 8–25CrossRef Davies H, Luborsky F (1983) Amorphous metallic alloys. Butterworths, London, pp 8–25CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Giessen BC (1982) In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on rapidly quenched metals, Japan Institute of Metals, Sendai Giessen BC (1982) In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on rapidly quenched metals, Japan Institute of Metals, Sendai
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Xia S et al (1999) Formation of disordered structures in Cr–Fe alloy by mechanical milling. J Phys Condens Matter 5(17):2729CrossRef Xia S et al (1999) Formation of disordered structures in Cr–Fe alloy by mechanical milling. J Phys Condens Matter 5(17):2729CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaffet E et al (1988) Ball milling amorphization mechanism of Ni⋅Zr alloys. J Less Common Metals 145:251–260CrossRef Gaffet E et al (1988) Ball milling amorphization mechanism of Ni⋅Zr alloys. J Less Common Metals 145:251–260CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Hellstern E, Schultz L (1988) Formation and properties of mechanically alloyed amorphous Fe⋅Zr. Mater Sci Eng 97:39–42CrossRef Hellstern E, Schultz L (1988) Formation and properties of mechanically alloyed amorphous Fe⋅Zr. Mater Sci Eng 97:39–42CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch C et al (1983) Preparation of “amorphous” Ni 6 0 Nb 4 0 by mechanical alloying. Appl Phys Lett 43(11):1017–1019CrossRef Koch C et al (1983) Preparation of “amorphous” Ni 6 0 Nb 4 0 by mechanical alloying. Appl Phys Lett 43(11):1017–1019CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson J, Politis C (1987) Formation of amorphous Ti–Pd alloys by mechanical alloying methods. EPL (Europhys Lett) 3(2):199CrossRef Thompson J, Politis C (1987) Formation of amorphous Ti–Pd alloys by mechanical alloying methods. EPL (Europhys Lett) 3(2):199CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Dolgin B et al (1986) Mechanical alloying of Ni, CO, and Fe with Ti. Formation of an amorphous phase. J Non-Crystalline Solids 87(3):281–289CrossRef Dolgin B et al (1986) Mechanical alloying of Ni, CO, and Fe with Ti. Formation of an amorphous phase. J Non-Crystalline Solids 87(3):281–289CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Politis C, Johnson W (1986) Preparation of amorphous Ti 1−x Cu x (0.10≪x ≤ 0.87) by mechanical alloying. J Appl Phys 60(3):1147–1151CrossRef Politis C, Johnson W (1986) Preparation of amorphous Ti 1−x Cu x (0.10≪x ≤ 0.87) by mechanical alloying. J Appl Phys 60(3):1147–1151CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz RB, Koch CC (1986) Formation of amorphous alloys by the mechanical alloying of crystalline powders of pure metals and powders of intermetallics. Appl Phys Lett 49(3):146–148CrossRef Schwarz RB, Koch CC (1986) Formation of amorphous alloys by the mechanical alloying of crystalline powders of pure metals and powders of intermetallics. Appl Phys Lett 49(3):146–148CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Atzmon M et al (1984) Formation and growth of amorphous phases by solid-state reaction in elemental composites prepared by cold working. Appl Phys Lett 45(10):1052–1053CrossRef Atzmon M et al (1984) Formation and growth of amorphous phases by solid-state reaction in elemental composites prepared by cold working. Appl Phys Lett 45(10):1052–1053CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz R, Johnson W (1983) Formation of an amorphous alloy by solid-state reaction of the pure polycrystalline metals. Phys Rev Lett 51(5):415–418CrossRef Schwarz R, Johnson W (1983) Formation of an amorphous alloy by solid-state reaction of the pure polycrystalline metals. Phys Rev Lett 51(5):415–418CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson WL (1986) Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the crystal to glass transformation in metallic materials. Prog Mater Sci 30(2):81–134CrossRef Johnson WL (1986) Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the crystal to glass transformation in metallic materials. Prog Mater Sci 30(2):81–134CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahlström J, Karlsson B (2002) Modelling of heat conduction and phase transformations during sliding of railway wheels. Wear 253(1–2):291–300CrossRef Ahlström J, Karlsson B (2002) Modelling of heat conduction and phase transformations during sliding of railway wheels. Wear 253(1–2):291–300CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Beilby SG (1921) Aggregation and flow of solids. Macmillon, London Beilby SG (1921) Aggregation and flow of solids. Macmillon, London
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowden F, Hughes T (1937) Physical properties of surfaces. IV. Polishing, surface flow and the formation of the Beilby layer. Proc Roy Soc Lon Ser A Math Phys Sci 160(903):575–587CrossRef Bowden F, Hughes T (1937) Physical properties of surfaces. IV. Polishing, surface flow and the formation of the Beilby layer. Proc Roy Soc Lon Ser A Math Phys Sci 160(903):575–587CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Rigney D, Hammerberg J (1999) Mechanical mixing and the development of nanocrystalline material during the sliding of metals. Proc TMS Fall Meet 465–474 Rigney D, Hammerberg J (1999) Mechanical mixing and the development of nanocrystalline material during the sliding of metals. Proc TMS Fall Meet 465–474
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Ganapathi S et al (1990) A comparative study of the nanocrystalline material produced by sliding wear and inert gas condensation. In MRS proceedings. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Ganapathi S et al (1990) A comparative study of the nanocrystalline material produced by sliding wear and inert gas condensation. In MRS proceedings. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Rigney D et al (2003) Examples of structural evolution during sliding and shear of ductile materials. Scripta Materialia 49(10):977–983CrossRef Rigney D et al (2003) Examples of structural evolution during sliding and shear of ductile materials. Scripta Materialia 49(10):977–983CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim HJ, Karthikeyan S, Rigney D (2009) A simulation study of the mixing, atomic flow and velocity profiles of crystalline materials during sliding. Wear 267(5–8):1130–1136CrossRef Kim HJ, Karthikeyan S, Rigney D (2009) A simulation study of the mixing, atomic flow and velocity profiles of crystalline materials during sliding. Wear 267(5–8):1130–1136CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Fu XY, Rigney D, Falk M (2003) Sliding and deformation of metallic glass: experiments and MD simulations. J Non-Crystalline Solids 317(1):206–214CrossRef Fu XY, Rigney D, Falk M (2003) Sliding and deformation of metallic glass: experiments and MD simulations. J Non-Crystalline Solids 317(1):206–214CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Heilmann P et al (1983) Sliding wear and transfer. Wear 91(2):171–190CrossRef Heilmann P et al (1983) Sliding wear and transfer. Wear 91(2):171–190CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Weast R, Selby S, Hodgman C (1965/1966) Handbook of chemistry and physics, 46th edn. The Chemical Rubber Co, Cleveland, OH Weast R, Selby S, Hodgman C (1965/1966) Handbook of chemistry and physics, 46th edn. The Chemical Rubber Co, Cleveland, OH
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Xia SK, Saitovitch EB (1994) Formation of an amorphous phase in Cr(1−x)FeX films obtained by thermal evaporation. Phys Rev B 49(5):927CrossRef Xia SK, Saitovitch EB (1994) Formation of an amorphous phase in Cr(1−x)FeX films obtained by thermal evaporation. Phys Rev B 49(5):927CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Birol Y (2010) High temperature sliding wear behaviour of Inconel 617 and Stellite 6 alloys. Wear 269(9–10):664–671CrossRef Birol Y (2010) High temperature sliding wear behaviour of Inconel 617 and Stellite 6 alloys. Wear 269(9–10):664–671CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Blau PJ (2010) Elevated-temperature tribology of metallic materials. Tribol Int 43(7):1203–1208CrossRef Blau PJ (2010) Elevated-temperature tribology of metallic materials. Tribol Int 43(7):1203–1208CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Tribology of Metals and Alloys
verfasst von
Sudeep P. Ingole, Ph.D.
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer New York
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1945-7_6

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.