Unique Properties of Nanomaterials

As we approach nanoscale dimensions, we move closer to the atomic or molecular scales. Atoms are the building blocks of all matter. They can be assembled in many ways to obtain the desired product. Both the chemistry and the geometric arrangement of atoms can influence the properties of the material. Hence, if we have the ability to construct matter, atom by atom, we would be able to perform wonders. For example, we know that both graphite and diamond are made of pure carbon. Thus, in principle, if we are able to rearrange the atoms (carbon) in graphite at our discretion, it would be possible to make diamond! Or, if we could rearrange the atoms (silicon and oxygen) in sand (and add a few other trace elements), it should be possible to make a computer chip! Engineering at the nano-level can bring about large changes in the properties of the products. In Chapter 1, we saw how the high defect concentration in nanomaterials results in novel and unique physical, chemical, elastic and mechanical properties of this class of materials. A few of these are highlighted in this chapter.