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2016 | Buch

The Relationship Between University Culture and Climate and Research Scientists’ Spin-off Intentions Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

University Evolution, Entrepreneurial Activity and Regional Competitiveness

herausgegeben von: David Audretsch, Erik Lehmann, Michele Meoli, Silvio Vismara

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : International Studies in Entrepreneurship

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

​This book aims to bring together different contributions highlighting how the recent changes that modify universities’ activities, such as the necessity to internationalize and crucially rely on third party funding, and the new entrepreneurial trajectories stemming from the recent economic-financial crisis, contribute to emphasize the existing differences between successful and lagging regions, as occurred at a country level (e.g. Southern Europe). This book should be of interest to economists, sociologists, political scientists as well as to policy makers and practitioners involved in the creation of value at a local level.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Academic Entrepreneurs

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Relationship Between University Culture and Climate and Research Scientists’ Spin-off Intentions
Abstract
Over the past decades, universities have increasingly become involved in entrepreneurial activities. Despite efforts to embrace their ‘third mission’, universities still demonstrate great heterogeneity in terms of their involvement in academic entrepreneurship. This chapter adopts an institutional perspective to understand how organizational characteristics affect research scientists’ entrepreneurial intentions. We study the impact of university culture and climate on entrepreneurial intentions, thereby specifically focusing on intentions to spin off a company. Using a sample of 437 research scientists from Swedish and German universities, our results reveal that the extent to which universities articulate entrepreneurship as a fundamental element of their mission fosters research scientists’ spin-off intentions. Furthermore, the presence of university role models positively affects research scientists’ propensity to engage in entrepreneurial activities, both directly and indirectly through entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Finally, research scientists working at universities which explicitly reward people for ‘third mission’ related output show higher levels of spin-off intentions. This study has implications for both academics and practitioners, including university managers and policy makers.
Annelore Huyghe, Mirjam Knockaert
Chapter 2. Mobility and Academic Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Analysis of Japanese Scientists
Abstract
This study examines whether the mobility of university scientists enhances academic entrepreneurship at the individual level by examining scientists’ career paths. It draws on a theoretical framework concerning the factors that enable entrepreneurs to recognize opportunities. A new set of data comprising credible and wide-ranging information facilitated the empirical analyses of more than 500 scientists holding full-time positions at the University of Tokyo. First, the study distinguishes between Japanese academic entrepreneurs (AEs), who recognized the opportunities offered in Japanese academia from 1998 to 2004, and non-AEs, who did not. It then compares the career paths of AEs and non-AEs, highlighting three kinds of mobility: job mobility, sector mobility, and international mobility. The result of the probit analysis clearly shows that both job mobility and international mobility are positively related to enhanced entrepreneurship among Japanese scientists, whereas sector mobility is not. A brief discussion of the results follows. This paper concludes that mobility—the experience of moving beyond boundaries—enables Japanese scientists to access the resources, learn the skills, and acquire the entrepreneurial traits that enhance their academic entrepreneurship.
Satoko Yasuda
Chapter 3. Fostering Female Entrepreneurship in Academic Spin-offs
Abstract
We aim at analyzing female participation in Italian academic spin-offs using publically available data and a unique hand-collected database of all academic spin-offs set up in Italy from 2002 to 2007. We base our study on three complementary levels of analysis: macro, meso, and micro level. We show that the gender gap in academic spin-offs is relevant and that a certain degree of spatial heterogeneity—possibly reflecting cultural and environmental differences between Italian provinces—exists. Furthermore, our findings show a disadvantage of females in the startup funding phase: an unfavorable circumstance that reduces their chances of success and force them to create new businesses mainly in the service sector. Social relationships and empathy among females may help compensate their disadvantages and break down barriers to entrepreneurship.
Alessandra Micozzi, Francesca Micozzi, Pierpaolo Pattitoni

Academic Spin-offs

Frontmatter
Chapter 4. Structural Capital of University Spin-Out Firms: The Moderating Role of University Incubators
Abstract
University incubators (UI) are generally believed to be important in the successful commercialisation of university spin-outs (USO) with over half of all UK Universities having established an on-campus UI. In this chapter we examine the value of UIs in the spin-out process, focusing on the structural networks of USOs located in a UI as compared to USOs in a University with no access to a UI. Our primary research question is therefore: to what extent does the structural network of USOs with access to an on-campus UI differ from USOs without? The research therefore contributes to a growing critique of the effectiveness of UIs in commercialising academic research and the recognition of positive direct and indirect externalities from participation in networks. Through network mapping of all USOs from two research intensive universities, we profile and analyse the formal and informal network ties of USOs to various partners internal and external to the host university. Through interviews we also consider how these networks enhance the resources and capabilities of USOs. Our findings highlight significant differences, with USOs located in a UI having more informal but fewer formal ties, both to other USOs as well as within the host University. In contrast, location in an incubator was not found to affect the extent and nature of ties with external organisations. Reasons for these differences are examined through interviews with the USOs and point to various factors including the proactive brokering role of incubator and university staff, university bureaucracy, the hidden networks of executive board members across USOs, university equity investment policy and complementary technologies.
Nola Hewitt-Dundas, Colm Burns
Chapter 5. Spin-off Creation in a National Research Institution: Technological and Industrial Implications
Abstract
The present work takes into account the creation of Spin-off companies in CNR, Italian National Research Council, up to 2012. The aim is to analyze the relations of Spin-offs with CNR, their technological sector and their industrial performance. Several types of data are exploited and analyzed. Studied topics encompass relations with CNR Departments, geographical distribution, local research and industrial context. The main analysis relies on budgetary and industrial sector data, in order to measure the performance of CNR Spin-offs. Their performance is also compared with suitable benchmarks of firms and academic Spin-offs. The evolution of the context is also considered in the study. The study of the activity of CNR in fostering the creation of knowledge-intensive firms offers an insight on the role of National Research Institutions, and in particular of the specific case.
U. Finardi, S. Rolfo
Chapter 6. Academic Entrepreneurship: Spin-offs in Sweden and the UK
Abstract
Discussions of academic entrepreneurship often focus on efforts to commercialize inventions appropriated within the intellectual property (IP) system. However, studies in the U.S. have shown that a substantial amount of entrepreneurship happens outside of the formal IP system.
In the UK each university sets its own rules on ownership of IP. In a few European countries, like Sweden, an inventor ownership model is dominating. There is a lack of studies of European academic entrepreneurship outside of the formal IP system; and accordingly there have been few possibilities to analyze the effects of different institutional set ups.
To help fill this gap, this chapter analyses how different institutional settings affect academic entrepreneurship in Europe. By analyzing both patents and spin-offs (from Oxford University, UK and Chalmers University, Sweden) we will shed light on two processes for commercialization of university research. We empirically investigate university technology transfer at two different universities in two countries with a different inventor ownership regulation.
Åsa Teres Lindholm Dahlstrand, Helen Lawton Smith, Nabhassorn Baines

University–Industry Interactions

Frontmatter
Chapter 7. Perceptions of Firm Competitive Advantages from Teaming Up with Universities: An Exploratory Study
Abstract
In the context of university collaborations, we know very little about why some firms perceive that teaming up with universities provide them with competitive advantages. One reason why we know so little is that university collaborations can take different forms and vary in terms of the nature of relationships, the motivation of parties and the outcomes that are expected from the collaboration. Another reason why is the lack of panel data that can be used to empirically study the competitive advantages that firms obtain from collaborating with universities. That said, the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) is a large dataset that asks firm owners about the competitive advantages of their firms and the reasons why they exist. In this paper, we use the KFS perceptual variables to explore the perception of firm owners about the competitive advantages of teaming up with universities. While there are limitations to the empirical conclusions that can be drawn, the research questions we explore using the KFS sample provide interesting avenues for future research.
Sharon Simmons, Jonathan Levie, Erik Monsen
Chapter 8. Gaining Regional Competitiveness by Increasing Employer Attractiveness in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: New Approach for Knowledge Transfer Between Academia and Business
Abstract
Knowledge and innovation are the key factors for sustainable business development. Therefore, new models of cooperation have to be launched that intensify the knowledge flow between business and academia. The Innovation Incubator at Leuphana University of Lüneburg in Germany is an excellent example for such a strategic partnership between university and regional economy. This approach of knowledge transfer is funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and focusses on strengthening the competitiveness of regional SMEs. As part of the Innovation Incubator the network for innovation and transfer “Performance Management in Medium-Sized Businesses” represents a concrete example of effective long-term cooperation between academia and business. This alliance aims at the constructive exchange of experience and knowledge between regional SMEs and academic experts in human resources and business development. One of the central questions for regional SMEs within this network is how to attract and recruit highly qualified employees. Within research-based working groups academic experts closely cooperate with business representatives in order to increase the employer attractiveness of SMEs.
Sabine Remdisch, Christian Otto, Sarah Just, Ivonne Pötschke, Matthias Klöppner
Chapter 9. Principal Investigators and the Commercialization of Knowledge
Abstract
The commercialization of scientific knowledge is playing an increasingly important role within the scientific community and especially for universities worldwide. Since policy makers expect an economic payoff from academic research and universities are faced with declining spending from the public sector, taking on technology transfer constitutes a new major objective of academia. As principal investigators (PIs) embody a key role within this process, scholars develop a growing interest in the unique skill and task set of these scientists. Therefore, this chapter highlights the process of commercialization of scientific knowledge as well as the role and concept of PIs by summarizing the existing strand of literature. Those researchers simultaneously act as project managers, negotiators as well as boundary spanners who bridge the gap between academia and industry. Getting a deeper understanding of the motives of PIs is crucial to provide an efficient infrastructure and facilitate the creation of research avenues fostering industrial innovation.
Matthias Menter

The Role of the Regional Context

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. Influences of the Regional and National Economic Environment on the Technology Transfer Performance of Academic Institutions in Europe
Abstract
The paper looks how the national and regional environment influence the knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) performance of universities and public research institutes. We regress a number of institutional control variables, country dummies and variables for region size and economic structure, per capita income, technology intensity, and R&D intensity on four different tech transfer performance measures (R&D agreements with companies, patent applications, start-ups, licence agreements). Drawing on data from a survey of more than 200 European institutions we find: (1) Country differences are related to differences in the institutional set-up of technology transfer and to the (regional) economic environment which suggests multi-level analyses to properly take these interactions into account. (2) Institutions in a country usually excel for one performance measure which we take as a supporting argument for the development of transfer strategies. (3) Having manufacturing companies and a large share of governmental R&D expenditure in the region matter more than the technology intensity and R&D intensity of the regional economy. The latter result is counterintuitive and indicates that further research is needed in order to understand better where the clients of university technologies actually come from.
Franz Barjak, Nordine Es-Sadki
Chapter 11. On the Changing Nature of Industrial Production: Implications for a Research Agenda in Aeronautics Industrial Policy
Abstract
The geography of industrial production is continuously shifting towards the most cost effective locations, being particularly associated with increasing uncertainty. This paper presents a contextual analysis of industrial production dynamics leading to a policy research agenda. In particular, we use unbalanced panel data on 173 European regions, during 1999–2007, to examine whether knowledge, human capital and innovation capability help to explain the role of manufacturing on regional development. A number of regulatory, institutional and policy issues affect the analysis.
The relative inadequacy of existing frameworks to capture complexities of emerging distributed supply chains is discussed in the paper, which argues about the need for a new approach to analyse industrial production and innovation. We focus the analysis on aeronautics due to its strategic importance for industrial dynamics, innovation, human capital and socioeconomic development. The paper proposes a new research agenda on the changing nature of industrial production. Overall, this research aims at identifying pathways towards more resilient supply chains, benefitting the creation, development and accumulation of technological capabilities in aeronautics.
Anabela Reis, Joana Mendonça, Miguel Amaral, Manuel Heitor
Chapter 12. Linking CSR to National Competitiveness and Innovation
Abstract
Recently, the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) agenda emerged to be core subject in business, politics and academia. Although, the entire debate about CSR had initially been started from asking whether societies at large might benefit from companies engaging in CSR, up to now this question is highly under-researched. This is more unexpected given the fact that most governments throughout the globe have yet been framed their development agendas around promoting the CSR concept. The following study adds value to the existing literature by analyzing whether entire nations can benefit from companies investing in CSR policies. In particular, this study links the national level of CSR and different measures of national competitiveness. Therefore, we adopt the arguments that are usually discussed within the “Business case for CSR” on firm-level, and translate them to the macroeconomic context. In accordance with the business case arguments, we conclude that while investing in CSR, companies promote national innovativeness, the quality of human resources, productivity, and standards of living within a country.
Nikolaus Seitz

The Role of Universities

Frontmatter
Chapter 13. Universities in a Metropolitan Environment: The Case of London
Abstract
This paper addresses problems of assessing the external impact of university research in the context of a complex metropolitan region. It is a response to criticisms by Huggins (Entrep Reg Dev 20(2):185–206, 2008) of the performance of higher education institutes (HEIs) in London. Huggins argued that, in the early 2000s, the involvement of London’s HEIs in commercial knowledge transfer to the wider economy was lower than might be expected, especially in view of the city’s national domination of financial venturing services.
This paper argues that London supports one of the most diverse and open regional economies in Europe, offering wide potential for commercial HEI outreach for many forms of scientific, technological, biomedical, architectural, artistic, media, design, and other professional expertise. In recent years, many types of innovation in London have been described as ‘hidden’, unmeasured by conventional technology-based innovation indices [NESTA (Hidden innovation, 2007)]. By definition, therefore, these create special difficulties for assessing the outreach contribution of HEIs in the city.
Peter Wood, Helen Lawton Smith
Chapter 14. Putting the Region First: Knowledge Transfer at Universities in Greater Manchester
Abstract
Knowledge transfer has become one of the major policy goals of governments across the world and is being encouraged at the national and EU level. While policy makers and academics continue to look for a knowledge transfer model that will work for all universities, some recent analyses have shown that specific local and historic conditions that affect a university’s ability to engage with the region need to be considered. This paper looks at the knowledge transfer activities of the three universities in the Greater Manchester area. All three universities are closely linked to their local environment and can trace their origin to the mid-nineteenth century and the development of Manchester as the “first industrial city”. Differences in research priorities and funding (cuts) have affected their development and left us with three distinct knowledge transfer strategies.
Cornelia Lawson
Chapter 15. Why Do Universities Internationalize? Organizational Reputation and Legitimacy
Abstract
This article investigates the internationalization process in higher education at the institutional level. Drawing on an original perspective informed by organizational theory, we propose two theoretical dimensions of universities’ internationalization: international reputation and local legitimacy. Building upon the categorization proposed by Knight (Journal of Studies in International Education 8(1):5–31, 2004), we argue that international reputation and local legitimacy permeate rationales for international institutional development with respect to the different status of a university. Specifically, non-ranked universities do not exploit internationalization benefits to acquire an international reputation, as ranked universities do; rather, they do so primarily to gain legitimacy in the local context. These institutions suffer from higher information asymmetries in disclosing the value of their educational services, and try to provide a signal to students and their families and help them perceive their quality. We make use of explorative case studies referring to two Italian universities highlighting the different reasons universities have to pursue an internationalization strategy. We conclude that universities of different ranking pursue internationalization for dissimilar purposes, either to distinguish at a global level and to secure a place on the national map.
Mattia Cattaneo, Michele Meoli, Stefano Paleari

Technology and Innovation

Frontmatter
Chapter 16. Managing Resources in the Generation and Development of Research Based Spinoffs: Evidences from Israeli ICT Cases
Abstract
Research-based spinoffs (RBSOs) have raised a great interest in recent years for their economic and social implications. The literature has studied this phenomenon from three different perspectives: resource-based, business-model driven, and institutional. Due to the possible correlation between the approaches, this work aims to suggest an integrated framework, adopting the four stages model of spinoff development. To present the application of the framework we performed an extensive examination of two RBSOs operating in the ICT sector. Results highlight the level and types of technological, human, financial and social resources (including also the institutional linkages), and their evolution and importance in the generation and development of these new high tech companies.
Chiara Verbano, Avi Wasser, Maya Lincoln, Karen Venturini
Chapter 17. Virtual Products and Physical Resources: Software Companies and Spatial Agglomeration
Abstract
According to established agglomeration theories, companies located in clusters face a permanent stress field: They profit from better access to resources such as skilled labor, capital, and business partners, but also face increased competition for these resources. Established cluster concepts emanate from the assumption that companies within such a stress field generate competitive characteristics. The paper examines whether this mechanism is also transferable to the producers of virtual products. Empirical evidence from a large-scale study of the German software industry is used to analyze whether software companies headquartered in one of the 25 biggest German software clusters are more competitive than those outside these areas of industrial agglomeration. Evidence is provided that software firms in clusters are neither more competitive, nor do they have a better access to relevant resources. It is argued that the software industry is increasingly integrated into a global competitive environment and is less dependent on physical proximity regarding local resource allocation. Since several traditional factor-based arguments of various established cluster theories are not entirely transferable to producers of virtual products, the stress field of local resource access and competition is partially suspended.
Alexander Werbik
Chapter 18. Technology Foresight for Regional Economies: A How-to-Do Guide
Abstract
This study presents a how-to-do-guide on technology foresight for regional economies to orient future investigations on this under-investigated topic. Through quantitative and qualitative methods, the study identifies a list of 24 relevant technologies in mechatronics, which has been chose for its relevance in the regional economy that is addressed by the present study. The prioritization of these technologies is based on both the attractiveness index and dynamism index. The attractiveness index is calculated by a triangulation of data (patent and patent citations, EU’s 7° framework, venture capitalists’ investments, and interviews) collected through multiple databases. The dynamism index measures the increase of patent intensity through time. A ranking of 24 technologies is identified according to these two indexes.
Gaia Bassani, Tommaso Minola, Silvio Vismara

Finance and Innovation

Frontmatter
Chapter 19. The Effect of Government R&D Incentives on International R&D Trade
Abstract
In the past years, the awareness of the importance of business research and development for the economy has grown significantly. In order to encourage businesses to conduct R&D, governments are increasingly providing tax incentives or grants. To date, most literature has focused on proving the efficiency of these incentives, while their impact on international trade in R&D services has been largely ignored so far. Conducting an empirical analysis, this paper finds that R&D incentives have opposing, time variant effects on international R&D trade. The results indicate that government decisions on R&D incentives should also take the scale of R&D incentives of its major trade partners into consideration.
C. Bachmann, M. Baumann
Chapter 20. Equity Crowdfunding of an Entrepreneurial Activity
Abstract
Several countries around the world are introducing specific regulations allowing new ventures to collect equity capital through an open call to the Internet users (equity crowdfunding). So far, the market is still in an embryonic phase but expectations are interesting, also due to the problems faced by start-up companies in funding the early-stage growth. The main challenge is to understand if equity crowdfunding may boost the development and investments of new ventures competing (or cooperating) with professional investors (business angels, funds, banks), with adequate protection for the crowd of funders. In this chapter the features of this new industry are presented, and a research agenda for the future is introduced.
Giancarlo Giudici
Chapter 21. Signaling Through Innovation in IPOs
Abstract
This study addresses the signaling power of corporate innovation indicators in the IPO market. Innovation measures can convey considerably different signals to public investors, depending on whether they quantify the firm’s commitment in innovative inputs, as in the case of R&D investments, or achieved outputs, as in the case of patents. This study aims at disentangling such effects. Using a sample of 382 high-tech entrepreneurial firms going public in Europe during 1998–2003, this paper studies the impact of a firm’s R&D intensity and number of patents on stock liquidity. Results reveal that IPO firms with larger R&D investments benefit from greater liquidity in the aftermarket, while the size of the patent portfolio does not exert any significant effect. This suggests that investors tend to participate more in IPOs by firms embedding greater innovation potential, as suggested by their level of R&D investments, while the number of patents does not drive their behavior.
Andrea Signori
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
University Evolution, Entrepreneurial Activity and Regional Competitiveness
herausgegeben von
David Audretsch
Erik Lehmann
Michele Meoli
Silvio Vismara
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-17713-7
Print ISBN
978-3-319-17712-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17713-7

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