nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Verwertung genetischer Informationen

verfasst von : Jochen Graw

Erschienen in: Genetik

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Zusammenfassung

Vererbungsvorgängen darstellt.Die einzige Variabilität der DNA besteht in der Abfolge von insgesamt vier unterschiedlichen Basen. Diese Variabilität genügt jedoch, um umfangreiche Information zu speichern, wenn man annimmt, dass diese Information in Form eines Codes vorliegt, der mehrere Basen als Codewort umfasst. Der in der DNA verwendete genetische Code ist ein Triplettcode, der jeweils eine Gruppe von drei aufeinanderfolgenden Basen enthält. Dieser Code ist für alle Organismen nahezu identisch.

Die für die Zelle entscheidende Information ist die Festlegung einer spezifischen Aminosäuresequenz in aufeinanderfolgenden Basentripletts der DNA. Diese Triplettbasensequenz kann in der Zelle durch die Bildung entsprechender Proteine umgesetzt werden. Hierzu bedient sich die Zelle einer weiteren Nukleinsäure, der einzelsträngigen Boten-RNA (engl. messenger RNA, mRNA). Diese mRNA wird an der DNA nach dem gleichen Duplikationsverfahren synthetisiert (Transkription), das auch bei der Replikation zur Anwendung kommt. Die mRNA repräsentiert jedoch nur den einen der beiden DNA-Stränge, der als codierender (codogener) Strang bezeichnet wird.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Molekulare Grundlagen der Vererbung

Nächstes Kapitel Molekulare Struktur und Regulation prokaryotischer Gene

Agris PF, Vendeix FAP, Graham WD (2007) tRNA’s wobble decoding of the genome: 40 years of modification. J Mol Biol 366:1–13PubMedCrossRef

Allen BL, Taatjes DJ (2015) The Mediator complex: a central integrator of transcription. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:155–166PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Bagchi DN, Iyer VR (2016) The determinants of directionality in transcriptional initiation. Trends Genet 32:322–333PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Barrell BG, Bankier AT, Drouin J (1979) A different genetic code in human mitochondria. Nature 282:189–194PubMedCrossRef

Beadle GW, Tatum EL (1941) Genetic control of biochemical reactions in Neurospora. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 27:499–506PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Beringer M, Rodnina MV (2007) The ribosomal peptidyl transferase. Mol Cell 26:311–321PubMedCrossRef

Bieker JJ, Martin PL, Roeder RG (1985) Function of a rate-limiting intermediate in 5S RNA transcription. Cell 40:119–127PubMedCrossRef

Boeger H, Bushnell DA, Davis R et al (2005) Structural basis of eucaryotic gene transcription. FEBS Lett 579:899–903PubMedCrossRef

Bogenhagen DF, Sakonju S, Brown DD (1980) A control region in the center of the 5S RNA gene directs specific initiation of transcription: II. The 3′ border of the region. Cell 19:27–35PubMedCrossRef

Brenner S, Jacob F, Meselson M (1961) An unstable intermediate carrying information from genes to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Nature 190:576–581PubMedCrossRef

Cave MD, Allen ER (1969) Extra-chromosomal DNA in early stages of oogenesis in Acheta domesticus. J Cell Sci 4:593–609PubMedCrossRef

Chester A, Scott J, Anant S et al (2000) RNA editing: cytidine to uridine conversion in apolipoprotein B mRNA. Biochim Biophys Acta 1494:1–13PubMedCrossRef

Cieply B, Carstens RP (2015) Functional roles of alternative splicing factors in human disease. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 6:311–326PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Coleman AW (2015) Nuclear rRNA transcript processing versus internal transcribed spacer secondary structure. Trends Genet 31:157–163PubMedCrossRef

Cramer P, Bushnell DA, Kornberg RD (2001) Structural basis of transcription: RNA polymerase II at 2.8 Ångstrom resolution. Science 292:1863–1876PubMedCrossRef

Crick FHC, Barnett L, Brenner S et al. (1961) General nature of the genetic code for proteins. Nature 192:1227–1232PubMedCrossRef

Davis MC, Kesthely CA, Franklin EA et al (2017) The essential activities of the bacterial sigma factor. Can J Microbiol 63:89–99PubMedCrossRef

Deutscher MP (2006) Degradation of RNA in bacteria: comparison of mRNA and stable RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 34:659–666PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Dominski Z, Marzluff WF (2007) Formation of the 3′ end of histone mRNA: getting closer to the end. Gene 396:373–390PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Douet J, Tourmente S (2007) Transcription of the 5S rRNA heterochromatic genes is epigenetically controlled in Arabidopsis thaliana and Xenopus laevis. Heredity 99:5–13PubMedCrossRef

Eick D, Geyer M (2013) The RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) code. Chem Rev 113:8456–8490PubMedCrossRef

van der Feltz C, Anthony K, Brilot A et al (2012) Architecture of the spliceosome. Biochemistry 51:3321–3333PubMedCrossRef

Francke C, Edström JE, McDowall AW et al (1982) Electron microscopic visualization of a discrete class of giant translation units in salivary gland cells of Chironomus tentans. EMBO J 1:59–62PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Garreau de Loubresse N, Prokhorova I, Holtkamp W et al (2014) Structural basis for the inhibition of the eukaryotic ribosome. Nature 513:517–522PubMedCrossRef

Giardina A (1901) Origine dell’ oocite e delle cellule nutruci nei Dytiscus. Int Monatsschr Anat Phys 18:417–479

Goldstein L, Plaut W (1955) Direct evidence for nuclear synthesis of cytoplasmic ribose nucleic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 41:874–880PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Goodfellow SJ, Zomerdijk JC (2013) Basic mechanisms in RNA polymerase I transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes. Subcell Biochem 61:211–236PubMedCrossRef

Green KM, Linsalata AE, Todd PK (2016) RAN translation – What makes it run? Brain Res 1647:30–42PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Grosjean H, Fiers W (1982) Preferential codon usage in procaryotic genes: the optimal codon-anticodon interaction energy and the selective codon usage in efficiently expressed genes. Gene 18:199–209PubMedCrossRef

Grunberg-Manago M, Ochoa S (1955) Enzymatic synthesis and breakdown of polynucleotides: Polynucleotide phosphorylase. J Am Chem Soc 77:3165–3166CrossRef

Guo M, Schimmel P (2012) Structural analyses clarify the complex control of mistranslation by tRNA synthetases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 22:119–126PubMedCrossRef

Hatfield DL, Tsuji PA, Carlson BA et al (2014) Selenium and selenocysteine: roles in cancer, health, and development. Trends Biochem Sci 39:112–120PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

He F, Jacobson A (2015) Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay: degradation of defective transcripts is only part of the story. Annu Rev Genet 49:339–366PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Hoagland MB, Stephenson ML, Scott JF et al (1958) A soluble ribonucleic acid intermediate in protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 231:241–257PubMedCrossRef

Holley RW, Apgar J, Everett GA et al (1965) Structure of a ribonucleic acid. Science 147:1462–1465PubMedCrossRef

Hurwitz J, Bresler A, Diringer R (1960) The enzymic incorporation of ribonucleotides into polyribonucleotides and the effect of DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 3:15–19CrossRef

Italia JS, Zheng Y, Kelemen RE et al (2017) Expanding the genetic code of mammalian cells. Biochem Soc Trans 45:555–562PubMedCrossRef

Jang SK, Kräusslich HG, Nicklin MJ et al (1988) A segment of the 5′ nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation. J Virol 62:2636–2643PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Jeronimo C, Collin P, Robert F (2016) The RNA polymerase II CTD: the increasing complexity of a low-complexity protein domain. J Mol Biol 428:2607–2622PubMedCrossRef

Jonikas MA, Radmer RJ, Laederach A et al (2009) Coarsegrained modeling of large RNA molecules with knowledge-based potentials and structural filters. RNA 15:189–199PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Jonkers I, Lis JT (2015) Getting up to speed with transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:167–167PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kaida D (2016) The reciprocal regulation between splicing and 3′-end processing. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 7:499–511PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Keren H, Lev-Maor G, Ast G (2010) Alternative splicing and evolution: diversification, exon definition and function. Nat Rev Genet 11:345–355PubMedCrossRef

Kobayashi T (2011) How does genome instability affect lifespan?: roles of rDNA and telomeres. Genes Cells 16:617–624PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kobayashi T (2014) Ribosomal RNA gene repeats, their stability and cellular senescence. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 90:119–129PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Kollmar M, Mühlhausen S (2017) Nuclear codon reassignments in the genomics era and mechanisms behind their evolution. Bioessays 39:1600221

Krishnamurthy S, Hampsey M (2009) Eukaryotic transcription initiation. Curr Biol 19:R153–R156PubMedCrossRef

Li HD, Menon R, Omenn GS et al (2014) The emerging era of genomic data integration for analyzing splice isoform function. Trends Genet 30:340–347PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Losson R, Lacroute F (1979) Interference of nonsense mutations with eucaryotic messenger RNA stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:5134–5137PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Martin JA, Wang Z (2011) Next-generation transcriptome assembly. Nat Rev Genet 12:671–682PubMedCrossRef

Meissner B, Hofmann A, Steinbeißer H et al (1991) Faithful in vivo transcription termination of Xenopus laevis rDNA. Chromosoma 101:222–230PubMedCrossRef

Melnikov S, Ben-Shem A, Garreau de Loubresse N et al (2012) One core, two shells: bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19:560–567PubMedCrossRef

Miranda I, Silva R, Santos MAS (2006) Evolution of the genetic code in yeasts. Yeast 23:203–213PubMedCrossRef

Nei M, Rooney AP (2005) Concerted and birth-and-death evolution of multigene families. Annu Rev Genet 39:121–152PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Nirenberg MW, Leder P (1964) RNA codewords and protein synthesis. Science 145:1399–1407PubMedCrossRef

Nirenberg MW, Matthaei JH (1961) The dependence of cell-free protein synthesis in E. coli upon naturally occurring or synthetic polyribonucleotide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 47:1588–1602PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Nishikura K (2016) A-to-I editing of coding and non-coding RNAs by ADARs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 17:83–96PubMedCrossRef

Nishimura S, Jones DS, Khorana HG (1965) The in vitro synthesis of a copolypeptide containing two amino acids in alternating sequence dependent upon a DNA-like polymer containing two nucleotides in alternating sequence. J Mol Biol 13:302–324PubMedCrossRef

Palade GE (1955) Studies on the endoplasmatic reticulum. II. Simple dispositions in cells in situ. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1:567–582PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Pelletier J, Sonenberg N (1988) Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA. Nature 334:320–325PubMedCrossRef

Pertea M (2012) The human transcriptome: an unfinished story. Genes 3:344–360PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Preuss S, Pikaard CS (2007) rRNA gene silencing and nucleolar dominance: insights into a chromosome-scale epigenetic on/off switch. Biochim Biophys Acta 1769:383–392PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Regan PM, Langford D, Khalili K (2016) Regulation and functional implications of opioid receptor splicing in opioid pharmacology and HIV pathogenesis. J Cell Physiol 231:976–985PubMedCrossRef

Richardson JP (2002) Rho-dependent termination and ATPases in transcript termination. Biochim Biophys Acta 1577:251–260PubMedCrossRef

Ritossa F, Spiegelman S (1965) Localization of DNA complementary to ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus organizer region of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 53:737–745

Roeder RG, Rutter WJ (1969) Multiple forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in eucaryotic organisms. Nature 224:234–237PubMedCrossRef

Schäfer BC (1995) Revolutions in rapid amplification of cDNA ends: new strategies for polymerase chain reaction cloning of full-length cDNA ends. Anal Biochem 227:255–273CrossRef

Scheidegger A, Nechaev S (2016) RNA polymerase II pausing as a context-dependent reader of the genome. Biochem Cell Biol 94:82–92PubMedCrossRef

Schweingruber C, Rufener SC, Zünd D et al (2013) Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay – mechanisms of substrate mRNA recognition and degradation in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1829:612–623PubMedCrossRef

Scott WG, Martick M, Chi YI (2009) Structure and function of regulatory RNA elements: ribozymes that regulate gene expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1789:634–641PubMedCrossRef

Seehafer C, Kalweit A, Hammann C (2012) Genomisch codierte Hammerhead-Ribozyme. BIOspektrum 18:484–486CrossRef

Serganov A, Patel DJ (2007) Ribozymes, riboswitches and beyond: regulation of gene expression without proteins. Nat Rev Genet 8:776–790PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Seyffert W (2003) Lehrbuch der Genetik, 2. Aufl. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg

Shine J, Dalgarno L (1974) The 3′-terminal sequence of E. coli 16S rRNA: complementary to nonsense triplets and ribosome binding sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71:1342–1346PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Stevens A (1960) Incorporation of the adenine ribonucleotide into RNA by cell fractions from E. coli B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 3:92–96CrossRef

Tan EM, Kunkel HG (1966) Characteristics of a soluble nuclear antigen precipitating with sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 96:464–471PubMed

Thomas JM, Beal PA (2017) How do ADARs bind RNA? New protein-RNA structures illuminate substrate recognition by the RNA editing ADARs. Bioessays 39:1600187

Torres-Machorro AL, Hernández R, Cevallos AM et al (2010) Ribosomal RNA genes in eukaryotic microorganisms: witnesses of phylogeny? FEMS Microbiol Rev 34:59–86PubMedCrossRef

Varsally W, Brogna S (2012) UPF1 involvement in nuclear functions. Biochem Soc Trans 40:778–783PubMedCrossRef

Vierna J, Wehner S, Höner zu Siederdissen C et al (2013) Systematic analysis and evolution of 5S ribosomal DNA in metazoans. Heredity 111:410–421PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Wallace H, Birnstiel ML (1966) Ribosomal cistrons and the nucleolar organizer. Biochim Biophys Acta 114:296–319PubMedCrossRef

Wang Q, Li X, Qi R et al (2017) RNA editing, ADAR1, and the innate immune response. Genes 8:41

Weiss SB, Gladstone L (1959) A mammalian system for the incorporation of cytidine triphosphate into ribonucleic acid. J Am Chem Soc 81:4118–4119CrossRef

Wilson EB (1900) The cell in development and inheritance, 2. Aufl. Macmillan, New York

Wilson DN, Nierhaus KH (2006) The E-site story: the importance of maintaining two tRNAs on the ribosome during protein synthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:2725–2737PubMedCrossRef

Wilusz JE (2016) Controlling translation via modulation of tRNA levels. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 6:453–470CrossRef

Xing Y, Lee C (2006) Alternative splicing and RNA selection pressure – evolutionary consequences for eucaryotic genomes. Nat Rev Genet 7:499–509PubMedCrossRef

Yankofsky SA, Spiegelman S (1962) The identification of ribosomal RNA cistron by sequence complementarity: II. Saturation of and competitive interaction at the RNA cistron. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48:1466–1472PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Yusupova G, Yusupov M (2014) High-resolution structure of the eukaryotic 80S ribosome. Annu Rev Biochem 83:467–486PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Verwertung genetischer Informationen
verfasst von: Jochen Graw
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Genetik
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-60908-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-60909-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60909-5_3

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht