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2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

16. War and Occupation

verfasst von : Dirk van Dalen

Erschienen in: L.E.J. Brouwer – Topologist, Intuitionist, Philosopher

Verlag: Springer London

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Abstract

The war brought hardship to all of Holland. The universities had their fair share of the consequences of the occupation and the new regime. Jews were dismissed, the adventures of Freudenthal illustrate the fate of a man who was fortunate enough to survive the occupation. Brouwer, as a professor had to play a role in policy making of the university; unlike the world wise, who practiced a chameleon tactics, Brouwer did not hesitate to speak out on touchy topics. This, in the end, did not make friends. The art of survival in wartime under a hostile regime is illustrated by the fortunes of the Brouwer family and their friends. The famous hut was destroyed by a fire in which a large part of his archive was lost.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Thirties

Nächstes Kapitel Postwar Events

Hopf to Freudenthal, 21.XII.1939.

Freudenthal to Brouwer, 15.VI.1940.

Brouwer to Freudenthal, 26.VI.1940.

Wijdenes to Freudenthal, 27.VII.1940.

Brouwer to Freudenthal, 9.VIII.1940.

Wehrmachtbefehlshaber in den Niederlanden. Militarische Zensurstelle. 9.IX.1940.

Freudenthal to Hopf, 10.XI.1940.

Brouwer to Freudenthal, 17.X.1940.

Ledderman to Dyckhoff, 39.I.2004.

Freudenthal to Brouwer, 6.VI.1940.

Freudenthal to Brouwer, 30.XI.1940.

Brouwer to Freudenthal, 27.XII.1940.

Bruins (1938).

Freudenthal to Comm. of Restoration, 9.VII.1945—not sent. Freudenthal to De Groot, 17.IX.1945.

Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de tweede wereldoorlog, de Jong (1969).

de Groot (1946), Knegtmans (1998).

The people’s support organisation of the Netherlands.

Buurtschapshoofd van de NVD te Blaricum.

Cf. Brouwer to Comm. of Restoration, 30.VIII.1945.

The dues were one and a half guilder a month, not a big deal. It was rather the symbolic value of the membership that the authorities were after.

Brouwer (1941).

Even his own department in Amsterdam thought it safer to add ‘de Vries’ to the name for its ‘Korteweg–de Vries mathematics institute’, when a name had to be chosen in the eighties.

Levelt Sengers (2002).

Freudenthal to Brouwer, 28.IV.1941, 23.V.1941.

Interview, 22.XI.1988.

Durchgangslager (transit camp).

The matter is discussed in Presser (1965).

Durlacher (1993).

During the war, the name ‘Euterpestraat’ had become a synonym for all the Gestapo horrors, so much so that the word itself held terror for the average citizen. After the war the street was renamed after Gerrit Van der Veen, a renown member of the resistance.

See Freudenthal (1987b), p. 205 ff.

Brouwer to Freudenthal, 26.VII.1941.

Freudenthal to Van der Corput, 24.VIII.1945.

Ibid.

Freudenthal to Brouwer, 26.V.1942.

Brouwer to Freudenthal, 29.V.1942.

de Groot (1942).

Cf. p. 141.

Freudenthal to Van Heemert, 26.VI.1942.

Van Heemert to Brouwer, 29.VI.1942.

Brouwer to Van Heemert, 3.VIII.1942.

van Heemert (1943).

Department of Education to Wiskundig Genootschap, 11.I.1944. Note the stubborn way in which Nazi authorities concentrated on side issues, at a time that there were more serious (military) survival issues to be considered. Perhaps this is a universal characteristic of bureaucracies.

Brouwer (1942a, 1942b, 1942c).

Brouwer seemed to have forgotten that he had already established basically the same facts in Brouwer (1918a) (pp. 14–15). There he showed that the set of continuous functions from [0,1] is of the same cardinality as Baire space, but overlooked the fact that the left hand side consisted of lawlike elements and the right hand side of choice sequences. The argument is correct in Brouwer (1925a), p. 253, where the lawlike part of ℕ^ℕ is considered.

Beth (1940).

City Council to Secretary General, 23.IX.1942.

Romein, Tielrooy, Hazewinkel-Suringa, Kollewijn, Kranenburg, and H.J. Scheltema.

Not just an entrance restriction, but applicable to any stage of an academic study.

In fact, one lecturer sent reports of the meetings directly to the chief of the Sicherheitsamt (security service). Knegtmans (1998), p. 181.

February 25 and 26, 1941.

The fact that Brouwer’s role in the Senate is discussed here should not give the reader the impression that he was a prominent member. He used his right to speak and to submit amendments like everybody else. That he is mentioned so often in the context of the Senate, is because he happens to be the subject of the present biography.

Not to be confused with Brouwer’s fellow student H. Bolkestein, the later history professor in Utrecht, cf. van Dalen (1984), Wiessing (1960).

The broadcasts from England were continually jammed. Listening to the English radio was moreover strictly forbidden by the Germans.

Brouwer to Comm. of Restoration, 30.VIII.1945.

See Knegtmans (1998), p. 191 ff.

Oral communication, A.J. Abels, L. van den Brom.

‘Geuzen’ was the name for the group of freedom fighters (in modern terminology) who resisted the Spanish forces during the dark hours of the eighty-year war, when according to the military rules the official opposition to the Spanish had been decisively defeated.

Weitzenböck had in fact already been put on a blacklist in 1941.

In Holland the name ‘razzia’ has since the war been reserved for the raids and manhunts during the occupation.

Freudenthal (1987b), pp. 214–215.

The anecdote has a follow up. When he told this story at one of the workshops in Oberwolfach, some of his German colleagues were upset that one could sink so deep as not to carry out given orders.

Cf. p. 628.

Thus sharing this dubious honour with Vahlen, cf. Inachin (1960).

Remmert (2004a).

Lietzmann (1942).

Cf. Braun (1990).

Brouwer to Klaarenbeek, 30.VI.1942.

To be specific, ‘Requests for exemption, which are not clearly motivated by economic or military arguments, according to art. 1 of the regulation of the Führer concerning the protection of armament industry of 29.III.1942, are under penalty of detention, and in particularly serious cases of death.’

Lize to Louise, 16.XII.1941, 18.XII.1941.

Lize to Louise, 20.VIII.1942.

Lize to Louise, 20.VIII.1943.

Interview, R. Musters.

Euwe also provided Karel van het Reve with a meal at his house every week in exchange for lessons in Russian. After the war Van het Reve became well-known in Holland as an author; from 1957 on he was the professor of Slavonic Languages in Leyden. Euwe profited from the lessons in Russian when he became the president of the FIFA, the international chess association.

Imperial and Royal.

National Socialist German Labourer’s Party.

The information on Weitzenböck’s political and military activities is drawn from the file in the Algemeen Rijks Archief in The Hague.

E.M. Bruins in ‘Proces Verbaal’, 24.VII.1947.

Beth, E.W.: Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte der Wiskunde, 2nd, revised edn. Dekker en van der Vegt, Antwerpen (1940)

Braun, H.: Eine Frau und die Mathematik 1933–1940. Der Beginn einer wissenschaftlichen Laufbahn. Koechler, M. (ed.). Springer, Berlin (1990) MATH

Brouwer, L.E.J.: Begründung der Mengenlehre unabhängig vom logischen Satz vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten. Erster Teil, Allgemeine Mengenlehre. Verh. K. Akad. Wet. Amst. 5, 1–43 (1918a)

Brouwer, L.E.J.: Zur Begründung der intuitionistischen Mathematik I. Math. Ann. 93, 244–257 (1925a). Corr. in Brouwer (1926a) MathSciNetMATHCrossRef

Brouwer, L.E.J.: D. J. Korteweg [Obituary]. Verh. K. Akad. Wet. Amst. 999, 266–267 (1941)

Brouwer, L.E.J.: Zum freien Werden von Mengen und Funktionen. Indag. Math. 4, 107–108 (1942a)

Brouwer, L.E.J.: Die repräsentierende Menge der stetigen Funktionen des Einheitskontinuums. Indag. Math. 4, 154 (1942b)

Brouwer, L.E.J.: Beweis dass der Begriff der Mengen höherer Ordnung nicht als Grundbegriff der intuitionistischen Mathematik in Betracht kommt. Indag. Math. 4, 274–276 (1942c)

Bruins, E.M.: Cosmische stralen in het aardmagnetisch veld. Ph.D. thesis, Amsterdam (1938)

de Groot, J.: Topologische Studieën. Compactificatie, Voortzetting van Afbeeldingen en Samenhang. Ph.D. thesis, Rijks Universiteit Groningen (1942)

de Groot, A.W.: De Universiteit van Amsterdam in oorlogstijd. H.J.W. Becht, Amsterdam (1946)

de Jong, L.: Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Staatsuitgeverij, Den Haag (1969). 13 vols. CrossRef

Durlacher, G.L.: Quarantaine. Meulenhof, Amsterdam (1993)

Freudenthal, H.: Schrijf dat op, Hans. Knipsels uit een leven. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam (1987b)

Inachin, K.T.: Märtyrer mit einem kleinen Häuflein Getreuer. Der erste Gauleiter der NSDAP in Pommern Karl Theodor Vahlen. (Schriftreihe der Vierteljahrhefte für Zeitgeschichte). Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (1960)

Knegtmans, P.J.: Een kwetsbaar centrum van de geest. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam (1998) CrossRef

Levelt Sengers, J.: How Fluids Unmix. Discoveries by the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes. Edita KNAW, Amsterdam (2002) MATH

Lietzmann, W.: David Hilbert zum 80. Geburtsstage. Arch. f. Landes- und Volkskunde von NiederSachsen, 203–217 (1942)

Presser, J.: Ondergang. De Vervolging en Verdelging van het Nederlandse Jodendom. Martinus Nijhoff, Den Haag (1965). 2 vols.

Remmert, V.R.: Die Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung im “Dritten Reich”: Fach- und Parteipolitik. DMV-Mitt. 12, 223–245 (2004a) MathSciNetMATH

van Dalen, D. (ed.): Droeve snaar, vriend van mij. De correspondentie tussen Brouwer en Adama van Scheltema. De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam (1984)

van Heemert, A.: De R _n-adische voortbrenging van algemeen–topologische ruimten met toepassing op de constructie van niet splitsbare continua. Ph.D. thesis, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (1943)

Wiessing, H.: Bewegend Portret. Moussault, Amsterdam (1960)

Titel: War and Occupation
verfasst von: Dirk van Dalen
Verlag: Springer London
Buch: L.E.J. Brouwer – Topologist, Intuitionist, Philosopher
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-4615-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4471-4616-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4616-2_16

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