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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Water Governance in a Changing World: China and Beyond

verfasst von : Min Jiang

Erschienen in: Towards Tradable Water Rights

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter provides a review of the recent developments in water governance around the implementation of market-oriented allocation mechanisms. Following a brief review of China’s water scarcity, the chapter sets the theoretical framework for the entire book by reviewing the international debates on water reform. It describes water’s characteristics as a resource and the complexity of water use, which have significant implications for shaping water governance. The recent developments in water governance from an international perspective are also examined in this chapter. It covers a number of key concepts which have significant implications for the legal and institutional arrangements of tradable water rights, including interdependency of water use, water as a social and economic good, alternative water property regimes, government versus market in water allocation, and last but not least, climate change adaptation and integrated water resources management.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction

Nächstes Kapitel China’s Water Law and Policy Reform: How Far Have We Travelled?

The Chinese currency is renminbi (RMB). Yuan is the basic unit of RMB. CNY is the currency code for Chinese Yuan Renminbi. 1 CNY = 0.15 USD (as XE Currency Converter on June 1, 2017).

The 11th Five Year Plan of Water Resources Development of China (China National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, and Ministry of Construction), 2007, http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbghwb/200706/W020140220601664956788.pdf (accessed October 24, 2016).

World Bank, World Development Indicators: Table 3.5: Freshwater, 2014, http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5 (accessed October 24, 2016).

Ibid.

Liping Zhang et al., “Situation and Problem Analysis of Water Resources Security in China,” Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin 18, no. 2 (2009): 116–120.

China Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), Ministry of Water Resources 2003 Annual Report, 2004, Beijing: Ministry of Water Resources.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and China Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Environment, Water Resources and Agricultural Policies: Lessons from China and OECD Countries, Paris: OECD, 2006, 77.

Ibid.

World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), Water and Energy, the United Nations World Water Development Report 5, 2014, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/2014-water-and-energy/ (accessed October 24, 2016), 3.

Ibid, 42.

According to the international definition of water stress and water scarcity, water stress is experienced when annual water availability drops below 1700 cubic metres per person, and it becomes water scarcity when water availability drops below 1000 cubic metres per person per year with 500 cubic metres defined as “absolute scarcity”. See WWAP, Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk, the United Nations World Water Development Report 4, 2012, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr4-2012/ (accessed October 24, 2016), 122.

Hong Yang et al., “The Impact of China’s Economic Growth on Its Water Resources: A Regional and Sectoral Assessment,” In Rebalancing and Sustaining Growth in China, ed. Huw McKay and Ligang Song (Canberra: ANU E Press, 2012), 312.

Ibid.

China National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), China 2013 Statistical Yearbook, 2014, http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2013/indexch.htm (accessed October 24, 2016).

OECD and MOA, Environment, Water Resources and Agricultural Policies, 77.

Wei Feng et al., “Evaluation of Groundwater Depletion in North China Using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data and Ground-based Measurements,” Water Resources Research 49 (2013): 2110.

China Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Bulletin of First National Census for Water, Beijing: China Water and Power Press, 2012.

The Water Resources Development Plan (2011–2015) (China National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, and Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rual Development), 2012, http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/fzgggz/ncjj/nczc/201206/t20120621_487019.html (accessed June 24, 2014).

World Bank. World Development Indicators.

China Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), 2013 Report on the State of the Environment in China, 2014, http://www.zhb.gov.cn/zhxx/hjyw/201406/W020140605385940287254.pdf (accessed June 24, 2014).

Ibid.

The 12th Five Year Plan for Rural Drinking Water Safety Projects (China National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Environmental Protection), 2014, http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbghwb/201402/P020140221360445500781.pdf (accessed July 08, 2014).

The 12th Five Year Plan for Environmental Risk Control of Chemicals (China Ministry of Environmental Protection), 2013, http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bwj/201302/W020130220539067366659.pdf (accessed July 08, 2014).

Jiwei Chen and Xingmin Mu, “Tendency, Causes and Control Measures on Yellow River Dry-up,” Journal of Natural Resources 15, no.1 (2000): 31.

Yongli Zhang, The Deputy Director of the State Forestry Administration’s Speech at the Press Conference for the Findings of the Second National Wetland Resources Survey, http://www.china.com.cn/zhibo/2014-01/13/content_31140091.htm?show+t (accessed July 09, 2014).

Jane Qiu, “China Faces up to Groundwater Crisis,” Nature 466 (2010): 308.

China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring (CIGEM), China Groundwater Resources, 2014. http://219.142.70.139/dxs/HydRes.htm#huanjing (accessed July 09, 2014).

IPCC, Climate Change and Water, IPCC Technical Report VI. Geneva: IPCC, 2008, 7.

Ibid, 13.

Ibid, 33.

Rex Victor Cruz et al., “Asia,” In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. Martin Parry et al. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 469–506.

Desheng Hu, Water Rights: An International and Comparative Study, London: IWA Publishing, 2006, 10.

WWAP, Water for People, Water for Life, the United Nations World Water Development Report 2003, Paris: UNESCO and Berghahn Books, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/ (accessed November 17, 2014), 76.

WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility, the United Nations World Water Development Report 2, 2006, Paris: UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/ (accessed November 17, 2014), 121.

Ibid.

Ibid, 125.

Ibid, 122.

Ibid, 122–123.

WWAP, Water for People, Water for Life, 5.

WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility, 45.

See for example, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Discussion Paper: Governance for Sustainable Development: Integrating Governance in the Post-2015 Development Framework. New York: UNDP, 2014. Also, Margot Hill, Climate Change and Water Governance: Adaptive Capacity in Chile and Switzerland (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2012).

UNDP, Governance for Sustainable Human Development, A UNDP policy document. New York: UNDP Management Development and Governance Division and Bureau for Policy and Programme Support, 1997, 2.

Ibid.

UNDP, Reconceptualising Governance, Discussion paper 2. New York: UNDP Management Development and Governance Division and Bureau for Policy and Programme Support, 1997, 13–18.

WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility, 48.

Ibid.

Ibid, p. 47.

Ibid.

P.C.D. Milly et al., “Stationarity Is Dead: Whither Water Management?” Science 319 (2008): 573–574.

Ibid, 573.

Hill, Climate Change and Water Governance, 7.

World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation (2014 Update), Geneva, Switzerland: WHO and UNICEF, 2014, Forward.

Anonymous, “Water Prices for the Priceless?: Implementing the Justifiability of the Right to Water,” Harvard Law Review 120 (2007): 1076–1078. Also see Erik B. Bluemel “The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water,” Ecology Law Quarterly 31 (2004): 957–1006.

Farhana Sultana and Alex Loftus. eds. The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles (USA and Canada: Earthscan, 2012).

United Nations Economic and Social Council, General Comment No. 15 on the Right to Water, 2002, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/docs/CESCR_GC_15.pdf (accessed May 2, 2017), Paragraph 2.

Bluemel, “The Implications of Formulating a Human Right to Water”.

United Nations General Assembly, Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 28 July 2010, A/RES/64/292, United Nations, 2010, http://contrattoacqua.it/public/upload/1/2/tab_elms_docs/1404320102n0947935.pdf (accessed May 2, 2017), 2.

Sultana and Loftus, The Right to Water, xv.

United Nations Human Rights Council, Resolution Adopted by the Human Rights Council, 15/9 Human Rights and Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation, A/HRC/RES/15/9, United Nations, 2010.

Sultana and Loftus, The Right to Water, xv.

Ibid.

WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility, 65.

Daniel W. Bromley, Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy (Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1991).

Ibid, 2.

Ibid, 3.

Ibid, 23. Also see ACIL Tasman and Freehills, An Effective System of Defining Water Property Titles, Research Report to the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, and Land & Water Australia, Canberra: Land & Water Australia, 2004, 17.

Anthony Scott and Georgina Coustalin, “The Evolution of Water Rights,” Natural Resources Journal 35, no. 4 (1995), 822.

Ibid, 824.

ACIL Tasman and Freehills, An Effective System of Defining Water Property Titles, 15–16. Also see Edella Schlager and Elinor Ostrom, “Property Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis,” Land Economics 68, no. 3 (1992): 250–251.

Ibid.

Bromley, Environment and Economy, 32.

Ibid.

Elinor Ostrom, “Private and Common Property,” Encyclopedia of Law and Economics II (2000), 336.

Ibid. Also see Bromley, Environment and Economy, 30, 148.

Bromley, Environment and Economy, 31.

Ibid, 25.

Ibid.

Richard A. Epstein, “The Historical Variation in Water Rights,” In The Evolution of Markets for Water: Theory and Practice in Australia, ed. Jeff Bennett (Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2005), 24–37.

Terry L. Anderson et al., Tapping Water Markets (New York: Routledge, 2012), 26.

Bromley, Environment and Economy, 157.

ACIL Tasman and Freehills, An Effective System of Defining Water Property Titles, 19.

Bryan R. Bruns and Ruth Meinzen-Dick, “Frameworks for Water Rights: An Overview of Institutional Options,” In Water Rights Reform: Lessons for Institutional Design, edited by R.B. Bruns, C. Ringler, and R. Meinzen-Dick (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2005), 7.

Ariel Dinar et al., Water Allocation Mechanisms : Principles and Examples, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 1779, 1997, 3.

Bruns and Meinzen-Dick, “Frameworks for Water Rights,” 9.

Dinar et al., Water Allocation Mechanisms, 3.

Bruns and Meinzen-Dick, “Frameworks for Water Rights,” 9.

Ibid.

ACIL Tasman and Freehills, An Effective System of Defining Water Property Titles, 17.

James Salzman, Creating Markets for Ecosystem Services: Notes from the Field, Duke Law School Science, Technology, and Innovation Research Paper No. 2., 2005, 113.

Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons, the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

Dinar et al., Water Allocation Mechanisms, 3. Also see Fredrik Segerfeldt, Water for Sale: How Business and the Market Can Resolve the World’s Water Crisis (Washington D.C.: Cato Institute, 2005), 80.

Terry L. Anderson, “The Water Crisis and the New Resources Economics,” In Water Rights: Scarce Resource Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment, ed. Terry L. Anderson (San Francisco, California; Cambridge: Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research; Mass, Ballinger Pub. Co., 1983), 5.

C. J. Perry, et al., Water as an Economic Good: A Solution, or a Problem? International Irrigation Management Institute Research Paper, 14, 1997, 7.

100

Dinar et al., Water Allocation Mechanisms, 7.

101

Ibid. Also see Anderson, “The Water Crisis and the New Resources Economics,” 5–6.

102

Anderson, “The Water Crisis and the New Resources Economics,” 5–6.

103

Ibid, 5.

104

For recent observations on water markets, see K. William Easter and Qiuqiong Huang, eds. Water Markets for the 21st Century: What Have We Learned? (Dordrecht: Springer, 2014).

105

Many writers have indicated this difference. For example, Easter and Huang, Water Markets for the 21st Century. Also Perry et al., Water as an Economic Good, 7. Also, Bryan R. Bruns and Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Negotiating Water Rights (London: ITDG Publishing, 2000), 41.

106

Bruns and Meinzen-Dick, Negotiating Water Rights, 41.

107

Ibid. Also see Syed Z. Sadeque, “Nature’s Bounty or Scarce Commodity: Competition and Consensus over Groundwater Use in Rural Bangladesh.” In Negotiating Water Rights, ed. Bryan R. Bruns and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (London: ITDG Publishing, 2000), 269–291.

108

Perry et al., Water as an Economic Good, 7.

109

Carl J. Bauer, Siren Song: Chilean Water Law as a Model for International Reform (Washington & Great Britain: Resources for the Future, 2004), 1.

110

Carl J. Bauer, Against the Current: Privatization, Water Markets, and the State in Chile (Boston & London: Kluwer Academic, 1998), 34.

111

Ibid, 46.

112

Ibid.

113

Mark Bartley et al., Trading in Water Rights: Towards a National Legal Framework (Sydney and Brisbane: Phillips Fox; Queensland University of Technology, 2004), 82.

114

Bauer, Against the Current, 35–36.

115

Paul Holden and Mateen Thobani, Tradable Water Righs: A Property Right Approach to Resolving Water

Shortages and Promoting Investment, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1627, 1996, 6.

116

Carl J. Bauer, “Water Conflicts and Entrenched Governance Problems in Chile’s Market Mode,l” Water Alternatives 8, no.2 (2015): 147–172. Also see Bauer, Siren Song, 2.

117

Anderson et al., Tapping Water Markets.

118

IPCC, Special Report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX), Summary for Policy Makers. Geneva: IPCC, 2011, 3.

119

IPCC, “Summary for Policymakers,” In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. by T. F. Stocker et al. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

120

Hill, Climate Change and Water Governance.

121

Tim Bonyhady et al., eds. Adaptation to Climate Change : Law and Policy (Sydney: The Federation Press, 2010).

122

Sheila M. Olmstead, “Climate Change Adaptation and Water Resource Management: A Review of the Literature,” Energy Economics 46 (2014): 500–509.

123

Ibid.

124

Animesh K. Gain et al., “Can Integrated Water Resources Management Increase Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change Adaptation? A Critical Review,” Journal of Water Resource and Protection 5 (2013): 11–20. Also see Hill, Climate Change and Water Governance.

125

WWAP, Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk, the United Nations World Water Development Report 4. Paris: UNESCO, 2012, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/ (accessed November 17, 2014), 206.

126

Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee, Integrated Water Resources Management, TAC Background Papers, No. 4, 1998.

127

Ibid.

128

Ibid.

129

For example, see Fulco Ludwig et al., “Climate Change Adaptation and Integrated Water Resources Management in the Water Sector,” Journal of Hydrology 518, Part B, (2014): 235–242.

130

Hill, Climate Change and Water Governance, 25.

131

Ludwig et al., “Climate Change Adaptation and Integrated Water Resources Management in the Water Sector”.

132

Josselin J. Rouillard et al., “Evaluating IWRM Implementation Success: Are Water Policies in Bangladesh Enhancing Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change Impact?” International Journal of Water Resources Development 30, no. 3, (2014): 515–527.

133

Peter W. Downs et al., “How Integrated is River Basin Management?” Environmental Management 15, no. 3 (1991): 299–309.

134

Ibid.

135

Nigel Watson, “Integrated River Basin Management: A Case for Collaboration,” International Journal of River Basin Management 2, no. 4 (2004): 243–257.

136

Milly et al., “Stationarity is dead,” 573–574.

137

IPCC, Climate Change and Water, 48.

138

Ibid.

139

Ibid.

140

WWAP, Water in a Changing World, the United Nations World Water Development Report 3, Paris: UNESCO and Earthscan, 2009, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/ (accessed November 17, 2014), 16.

141

IPCC. Climate Change and Water, 8.

142

Ibid, 47.

143

Megan Dyson et al., eds. Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows, Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 2003, 3.

144

Jessica Weir, “Cultural Flows in Murray River Country,” Australian Humanities Review 48 (2010): 119–129.

145

Nicole L. Johnson, “Property without Possession,” Yale Journal on Regulation 24 (2007): 205–251.

146

Charlton H. Bonham, “Perspectives from the Field: A Review of Western Instream Flow Issues and Recommendations for a New Water Future,” Lewis & Clark Law School Environmental Law 36 (2006): 1205–1235, 1223. Also see Charles W. Howe, “Protecting Public Values in a Water Market Setting: Improving Water Markets to Increase Economic Efficiency and Equity,” University of Denver Water Law Review 3 (2000): 357–372, 370.

147

Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee, Integrated Water Resources Management.

148

Cap-Net, IWRM as a Tool for Adaptation to Climate Change : Training Manual and Facilitator’s Guide, South Africa: Cap-Net UNDP, 2009.

149

Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee, Integrated Water Resources Management.

150

Cap-Net, IWRM as a Tool for Adaptation to Climate Change .

151

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Titel: Water Governance in a Changing World: China and Beyond
verfasst von: Min Jiang
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Towards Tradable Water Rights
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67085-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-67087-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67087-4_2

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