X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The detection and energy analysis of photoelectrons produced by radiation whose energy exceeds their binding energies is the subject of an extensively-used technique known as Photoelectron (PE) Spectroscopy. This technique can be conveniently divided into two broad areas, the first employing ultraviolet radiation, hence called Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), and the second using X-rays, termed X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The latter spectroscopy is the subject of this present chapter, while UPS is discussed in Chap. 14.